Accelerator physics

Summary

Accelerator physics is a branch of applied physics, concerned with designing, building and operating particle accelerators. As such, it can be described as the study of motion, manipulation and observation of relativistic charged particle beams and their interaction with accelerator structures by electromagnetic fields. It is also related to other fields: *Microwave engineering (for acceleration/deflection structures in the radio frequency range). *Optics with an emphasis on geometrical optics (beam focusing and bending) and laser physics (laser-particle interaction). *Computer technology with an emphasis on digital signal processing; e.g., for automated manipulation of the particle beam. *Plasma physics, for the description of intense beams. The experiments conducted with particle accelerators are not regarded as part of accelerator physics, but belong (according to the objectives of the experiments) to, e.g., particle physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics or materials

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_physics

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Collimation is essential in a high Energy and Intensity hadron collider with SuperConducting magnets, like the LHC at CERN. To improve the cleaning efficiency and to reduce the LHC impedance budget in stable condition and at top Energy, additional 30 Phase II collimators are foreseen to be installed. The work of this PhD analyses the beam-machine interactions in the LHC Betatron Cleaning Insertions for its upgrade with the Phase II collimators. These studies aim at optimizing the collimation system layout from the machine protection point of view, considering different options for the Phase II collimator design and focusing on heating damage and activation problems. The outcomes of this PhD work have been used to support the Phase II design evolution and their prototype mechanical integration, and to point out possible critical points along the Betatron Cleaning Straight Section. Emphasis is on studying several configurations and material choices for nominal and failure scenarios.

EPFL2010

Optics design and performance of an ultra-low emittance damping ring for the compact linear collider

A high-energy (0.5-3.0 TeV centre of mass) electron-positron Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is being studied at CERN as a new physics facility. The design study has been optimized for 3 TeV centre-of-mass energy. Intense bunches injected into the main linac must have unprecedentedly small emittances to achieve the design luminosity 1035cm-2s-1 required for the physics experiments. The positron and electron bunch trains will be provided by the CLIC injection complex. This thesis describes an optics design and performance of a positron damping ring developed for producing such ultra-low emittance beam. The linear optics of the CLIC damping ring is optimized by taking into account the combined action of radiation damping, quantum excitation and intrabeam scattering. The required beam emittance is obtained by using a TME (Theoretical Minimum Emittance) lattice with compact arcs and short period wiggler magnets located in dispersion-free regions. The damping ring beam energy is chosen as 2.42 GeV. The lattice features small values of the optical functions, a large number of compact TME cells, and a large number of wiggler magnets. Strong sextupole magnets are needed for the chromatic correction which introduces significant nonlinearities, decreasing the dynamic aperture. The nonlinear optimization of the lattice is described. An appropriate scheme of chromaticity correction is determined that gives reasonable dynamic aperture and zero chromaticity. The nonlinearities induced by the short period wiggler magnets and their influence on the beam dynamics are also studied. In addition, approaches for absorption of synchrotron radiation power produced by the wigglers are discussed. Realistic misalignments of magnets and monitors increase the equilibrium emittance. The sensitivity of the CLIC damping ring to various kinds of alignment errors is studied. Without any correction, fairly small vertical misalignments of the quadrupoles and, in particular, the sextupoles, introduce unacceptable distortions of the closed orbit as well as intolerable spurious vertical dispersion and coupling due to the strong focusing optics of the damping ring. A sophisticated beam-based correction scheme has been developed in order to bring the design target emittances and the dynamic aperture back to the ideal value. The correction using dipolar correctors and several skew quadrupole correctors allows a minimization of the closed-orbit distortion, the cross-talk between vertical and horizontal closed orbits, the residual vertical dispersion and the betatron tune coupling. The small emittance, short bunch length, and high current in the CLIC damping ring could give rise to collective effects which degrade the quality of the extracted beam. A number of possible instabilities and an estimate of their impact on the ring performance are briefly surveyed. The effects considered include fast beam-ion instability, coherent synchrotron radiation, Touschek scattering, intrabeam scattering, resistive-wall wake fields, and electron cloud.

EPFL2006

CERN is presently designing a new chain of accelerators to replace the present Proton Synchrotron (PS) complex: a 160 MeV room-temperature H- linac (Linac4) to replace the present 50 MeV proton linac injector, a 3.5 GeV Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) to replace the 1.4 GeV PS booster (PSB) and a 50 GeV synchrotron (named PS2) to replace the 26 GeV PS. Linac4 has been funded and the civil engineering work started in October 2008, whilst the SPL is in an advanced stage of design. Beyond injecting into the future 50 GeV PS, the ultimate goal of the SPL is to generate a 4 MW beam for the production of intense neutrino beams. The radiation protection design is driven by the latter requirement. This thesis summarizes the radiation protection studies conducted for Linac4. FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations, complemented by analytical estimates, were performed 1) to evaluate the propagation of neutrons through the waveguide, ventilation and cable ducts placed along the accelerator, 2) to estimate the radiological impact of the accelerator in its low energy section, where the access area is located, and 3) to calculate the induced radioactivity in the air and in the components of the accelerator. The latter study is particularly important for maintenance interventions and final disposal of radioactive waste. Two possible layouts for the CCDTL section of the machine were considered in order to evaluate the feasibility, from the radiological standpoint, of replacing electromagnetic quadrupoles with permanent magnet quadrupoles with high content of cobalt. The present work provides complete information on beam loss assumptions, accelerator structure and duct and maze design, in order to make the present results of sufficiently general interest and provide guidelines for similar studies for intermediate energy proton accelerators. In addition to the Linac4-specific studies, this thesis also discusses FLUKA simulations performed to test the capability of the code, in a proton therapy application, in predicting induced radioactivity from intermediate energy protons. The thesis also reviews the analytical models mostly used for the calculation of neutron streaming through penetration traversing shielding barriers, discusses the FLUKA simulations performed to test the reliability of these models and, on the basis of the simulations, derives a universal expression that can be used to estimate the neutron transmission through a straight duct in direct view of the source, model missing so far in the literature.

EPFL2009

Optics design and performance of an ultra-low emittance damping ring for the compact linear collider

EPFL2006

EPFL2009