Decentralization

Summary

Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it. Concepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, technology, economics and money. History The word "centralisation" came into use in France in 1794 as the post-Revolution French Directory leadership created a new government structure. The word "décentralisation" came into usage in the 1820s. "Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s; mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. In the mid-1800s Tocqueville would write that the French Revolution began with "a push towards decentralization...[but became,] in the end, an e

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization

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The rural to urban migration trend at the world’s Delta regions has contributed to making cities along major Deltas in South East Asia, among those with the highest densities in urbanized territories. Once known as the ‘rice bowl’ of Vietnam, the Mekong Delta contributed 60% of Vietnam’s GDP in agriculture and aquaculture. Nevertheless, climate change has increased intensities of drought, land subsidence and salination, and liberalization has accelerated the rate of urbanization. Desakota growth and Hydraulic Society actors have resulted in spatial gaps between urban and rural territories, exacerbating environmental degradation. The research epistemology centers on a proposition that the Citta Diffusa phenomenon exists across the Mekong’s territorial organization and that it has transformed due to water-related urbanization challenges, and hypothesizes on the contradictory relationships between urban centralization and rural decentralization processes. Climate change serves as a driver for rethinking the artificially constructed conditions, and the Project of Isotropy serves as a means to interrogate these issues. To produce knowledge about the Delta’s natural and artificial transformation over time, a project can be elaborated via Research-by-design methods of territorial and situational analysis, include mapping territories, constructing microstory narratives and devising spatial-operational frame-works.

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Promoting Popular Participation. Lessons to Be Learned from the Bolivian Decentralization Process

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Impact of large tip clearance ratios on the performance of a centrifugal compressor

Markus Diehl, Jürg Alexander Schiffmann

Ultra-compact and fast spinning turbomachinery is a key technology to increase performance of domestic heating applications and to address decentralization of power and heat as a consequence of the rise of renewable energy sources. Recently, a heat pump using a reduced-scale centrifugal compressor with an impeller diameter of 20 mm supported on gas bearings was tested successfully and higher system performance compared to commonly used positive displacement compressors was achieved. Nonetheless, due to the small feature size as well as manufacturing tolerances, the performance of such compressor systems is deteriorated compared to large-scale systems. The tip gap necessary to ensure a free spinning of the rotor on gas bearings is relatively large compared to industrial compressors. Unfortunately, limited experience about centrifugal compressors running on relative large clearance exists. This paper investigates the impact of tip leakage on the performance of centrifugal compressor systems for relative clearance ratios, ranging from 3 up to 15 %. The tip leakage analysis is conducted numerically on an experimentally validated centrifugal compressor system operating with refrigerant R134a. In order to investigate the behavior of the compressor by altering its clearance ratio, impellers with different blade heights are used to adjust the tip gap. The change in efficiency is investigated and empirical correlations available in literature are assessed. A new method to predict change in efficiency as function of relative clearance ratio is provided, thus extending current correlations to much higher relative clearance ratios.

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