Toronto

Summary

Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ ; ˈtrɒntoʊ ) is the most populous city in Canada and the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the fourth-most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people (as of 2021) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world. Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years. After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown, the British established the town of York in 1793 and

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto

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Les sentinelles de la Sarraz. Des logements adaptés au pied du bourg (Lausanne, VD)

Irene Santis, Aliénor Zaffalon

Quels sont les projets de nos aînés? Quels sont leurs rêves? A un certain âge, il semble que ces questions n'ont plus le droit d'être posées. Pourtant, il n'y a pas de limite d'âge à se projeter, à se réinventer. Nous oublions bien trop souvent que le troisième âge ne se résume pas aux seuls mots de retraite et d'ennui de santé, mais au contraire que ces évènements peuvent être les moteurs d'un nouveau projet de vie, d'un autre mode d'habiter. Et nos aînés sont nombreux à choisir d'être les acteurs de cette troisième période de leur vie. Ils ont laissé derrière eux leurs maisons familiales, périurbaines, ont cherché des logements plus petits, plus pratiques, mieux connectés pour pallier les difficultés du grand âge. Des logements protégés de Renens aux communautés de la ville de Berne, ces formes d'habitats “intermédiaires” sont diverses mais partagent des problématiques communes. Ainsi nourri des témoignages de nos aînés, le projet prend forme à la Sarraz. Renouant avec les anciennes traces de la ville, ce projet d'habitat adapté réanime le profil dansant et le cheminement du mur de fortification. Tandis que sa ligne calme laisse voir les façades anciennes si emblématiques de cette bourgade. Accolé aux flancs du bourg, cet ensemble vient alors étoffer la ville, offrant à nos aînés une maison où ils puissent se sentir libres d'aller et venir, où la petite échelle ainsi que la multiplicité des seuils partagés restent les clés de la convivialité.

2014

Seasonal Aerosol Acidity, Liquid Water Content and Their Impact on Fine Urban Aerosol in SE Canada

Andrea Mario Arangio, Athanasios Nenes

This study explores the drivers of aerosol pH and their impact on the inorganic fraction and mass of aerosol in the S.E. Canadian urban environments of Hamilton and Toronto, Ontario. We find that inter-seasonal pH variability is mostly driven by temperature changes, which cause variations of up to one pH unit. Wintertime acidity is reduced, compared to summertime values. Because of this, the response of aerosol to precursors fundamentally changes between seasons, with a strong sensitivity of aerosol mass to levels of HNO3 in the wintertime. Liquid water content (LWC) fundamentally influences the aerosol sensitivity to NH3 and HNO3 levels. In the summertime, organic aerosol is mostly responsible for the LWC at Toronto, and ammonium sulfate for Hamilton; in the winter, LWC was mostly associated with ammonium nitrate at both sites. The combination of pH and LWC in the two sites also affects N dry deposition flux; NO3 fluxes were comparable between the two sites, but NH3 deposition flux at Toronto is almost twice what was seen in Hamilton; from November to March N deposition flux slows down leading to an accumulation of N as NO3 in the particle phase and an increase in PM2.5 levels. Given the higher aerosol pH in Toronto, aerosol masses at this site are more sensitive to the emission of HNO3 precursors compared to Hamilton. For both sites, NOx emissions should be better regulated to improve air quality during winter; this is specifically important for the Toronto site as it is thermodynamically more sensitive to the emissions of HNO3 precursors.

MDPI2022