Chrysler Building

Summary

The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco skyscraper on the East Side of Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. At , it is the tallest brick building in the world with a steel framework, and it was the world's tallest building for 11 months after its completion in 1930. , the Chrysler is the 12th-tallest building in the city, tied with The New York Times Building. Originally a project of real estate developer and former New York State Senator William H. Reynolds, the building was constructed by Walter Chrysler, the head of the Chrysler Corporation. The construction of the Chrysler Building, an early skyscraper, was characterized by a competition with 40 Wall Street and the Empire State Building to become the world's tallest building. Although the Chrysler Building was built and designed specifically for the car manufacturer, the corporation did not pay for its construction and never owned it; Walter Chrysler decided to fund the entire cost personally so his children could inherit it. An annex was completed in 1952, and the building was sold by the Chrysler family the next year, with numerous subsequent owners. When the Chrysler Building opened, there were mixed reviews of the building's design, some calling it inane and unoriginal, others hailing it as modernist and iconic. Today the building is seen as a paragon of the Art Deco architectural style. In 2007, it was ranked ninth on the America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1978, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The Chrysler Building is on the eastern side of Lexington Avenue between 42nd and 43rd streets in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The land was donated to The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1902. The site is roughly a trapezoid with a frontage on Lexington Avenue; a frontage on 42nd Street; and a frontage on 43rd Street.

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building

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Seismic behaviour of slab-column connections without transverse reinforcement

Ioannis Sokratis Drakatos

Reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs supported by slender columns are often used as gravity load resisting system for buildings in regions of moderate and high seismicity. Such buildings are typically braced by RC walls, which carry the largest portion of the horizontal loads generated during earthquakes. Therefore, the slab-column system does not contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness and strength of the structure, but each slab-column connection must be able to accommodate the seismically induced drifts of the building while maintaining its capacity to transfer vertical loads from the slab to the columns. Otherwise, brittle punching failure of the slab occurs and the deformation capacity of the entire building is limited by the deformation capacity of the slab-column connection if the building is not designed to resist progressive collapse. The first part of this work presents an experimental investigation on 13 full-scale internal slab-column connections without transverse reinforcement. The objective of the test campaign is to assess the influence of the loading history (monotonic vs. reversed cyclic) for different gravity loads and reinforcement ratios. The study shows that cyclic loading leads, in particular for slabs subjected to low gravity loads, to significant moment strength and deformation capacity reduction when compared to results obtained from monotonic loading tests. The effect of cyclic loading is more pronounced for slabs with low reinforcement content. In the second part, a mechanical model is presented for predicting the moment-rotation relationship of interior slab-column connections without transverse reinforcement when subjected to seismically induced drifts. The model accounts explicitly for the three load transfer mechanisms between slab and column contributing to the unbalanced moment resistance, i.e., eccentric shear, flexure and torsion. The moment resistance and deformation capacity are deduced from the intersection of the moment-rotation curve with a failure criterion that is based on the Critical Shear Crack Theory and distinguishes between monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The model predicts well the moment strength and the deformation capacity of slabs tested within this research and reported in the literature. The third part of this thesis proposes an extension of the mechanical model for the moment-rotation relationship presented earlier to account for the hysteretic behaviour and cumulative damage effects on slab-column connections subjected to cyclic loading. A hysteretic moment-curvature relationship is proposed for the radial direction, based on local deformation measurements from the cyclic tests. Cyclic damage is considered by adopting a damage index proposed by a previous study. The extended model predicts more accurately the response of cyclic tests than the simplified approach based on the monotonic model. Finally, based on the theoretical investigation of the two previous parts, two methods are proposed for the numerical analysis of flat slab buildings to simulate the column deformation and the slab deformation until midspan. First, an Effective Beam Width method is presented and compared to test results of flat slab buildings with over-hangs. Then, a simplified method is proposed for the analysis of slab-column connections not part of the lateral force-resisting system. This method allows estimating the contribution of column and slab deformation to the interstorey drift.

EPFL2016

Dendara, July 16, 54 BCE, began the reconstruction of the temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor. Founded under Ptolemy XII, the temple studied here stands at the end of an architectural tradition developed over three millennia. Its state of conservation is exceptional. It is the latest preserved monumental cult building of the pharaonic civilisation. It is a particularly well-suited testimony for an attempt to comprehend the architectural conception of a culture with which no modern society has kept any direct connection. The starting point of this study is a precise survey which constitutes the scientific documentation. The establishment of these data went along with the observation of indications, dimensions, orientations and alterations which allows to identify constant characteristics belonging to the process of designing the structure of the temple. This study uses no technical methodology but rather presents a research of knowledge through observation, hypotheses and verification. There is no pretension to exhaustiveness. This study tries to find, from the territory to the details, breaches, or to give access, into the knowledge belonging to the way of designing. The plans and sections are accompanied by a research which begins with a presentation of the nature of the architectural study of the building belonging to a disappeared culture. Then follows the study of the Egyptian temple and of the technical details of the survey. A building belongs to a territory. The absence of any documentation, the disappearance of vestiges dug out since the end of the 19th century as well as the actual policy of land reclaiming on the site made a cartography of the whole area of the ancient city necessary as a salvage. This led to some thoughts about the urban shape around the temple and about the limits of the space between the divine and the civil world. The reconstruction of a temenos wall brought with it a large reorganisation and renovation of the city and caused an important tabula rasa of civil districts. A global description of the building precedes the chapter concerning the organisation of the space. The world being set up around the god, it progresses from the most holy place towards the civil environment. The system underlying the height of the different spaces can only be determined when taking the heart of the temple as point of origin. Particular attention was devoted to the means which the ancient builders had at their disposal in order to control the precision of their accomplishment. Although rules concerning the outer measurements of the naos and the inner volume of the cella could be determined, it is impossible to reduce the dimensioning of the Egyptian space to a system of constant proportions. The study of the use of the space confirms this statement as it reveals that the functional elements of doors and windows do not follow any ideal formal rules. They are the result of a topological conception where geometric accuracy sacralises different needs; sometimes trivial when one considers light as a physical agent necessary to the daily functioning of human beings in a structure belonging to the divine. The intelligence and the accuracy of these accomplishments clearly required a global and initial conception of the architectural object. The durability of the building was the ultimate reason for the designers' research of technical quality. No single part of the construction, from the foundations to the top of the cornices, escaped this ancient concern. This led to an evolution towards a monolithic character of the masonry and the integration of solutions to contain factors of degradation, such as the rain. This concern also includes a tradition of a seismic culture as well as an execution which optimises the performance of labour and the materials. In parallel to this evolution on can observe the emergence of an ancient analysis of the phenomenon of differential sinking and the development of details which allow a dynamic management of major sources of destruction. Computer modelling helped to check the pertinence of some of these ultimate systems of management of deformation. From the temple of Hathor at Dendara one can conclude that the competence of building has attained a high degree of complexity and of meaning as far as the production of an architectural form is concerned which had to obey to an ideal of perfection and inalterability. Beyond the secular world, the formal conceptualisation of the divine universe also became an intellectual challenge with various referential levels. The architectural composition went along with an active research of technical solutions in order to optimise the art of building.

EPFL2004

Seismic behaviour of slab-column connections without transverse reinforcement

Ioannis Sokratis Drakatos

EPFL2016