Cupola (geometry)

In geometry, a cupola is a solid formed by joining two polygons, one (the base) with twice as many edges as the other, by an alternating band of isosceles triangles and rectangles. If the triangles are equilateral and the rectangles are squares, while the base and its opposite face are regular polygons, the triangular, square, and pentagonal cupolae all count among the Johnson solids, and can be formed by taking sections of the cuboctahedron, rhombicuboctahedron, and rhombicosidodecahedron, respectively. A cupola can be seen as a prism where one of the polygons has been collapsed in half by merging alternate vertices. A cupola can be given an extended Schläfli symbol {n} t{n}, representing a regular polygon {n} joined by a parallel of its truncation, t{n} or {2n}. Cupolae are a subclass of the prismatoids. Its dual contains a shape that is sort of a weld between half of an n-sided trapezohedron and a 2n-sided pyramid. The above-mentioned three polyhedra are the only non-trivial convex cupolae with regular faces: The "hexagonal cupola" is a plane figure, and the triangular prism might be considered a "cupola" of degree 2 (the cupola of a line segment and a square). However, cupolae of higher-degree polygons may be constructed with irregular triangular and rectangular faces. The definition of the cupola does not require the base (or the side opposite the base, which can be called the top) to be a regular polygon, but it is convenient to consider the case where the cupola has its maximal symmetry, Cnv. In that case, the top is a regular n-gon, while the base is either a regular 2n-gon or a 2n-gon which has two different side lengths alternating and the same angles as a regular 2n-gon. It is convenient to fix the coordinate system so that the base lies in the xy-plane, with the top in a plane parallel to the xy-plane. The z-axis is the n-fold axis, and the mirror planes pass through the z-axis and bisect the sides of the base. They also either bisect the sides or the angles of the top polygon, or both.

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Square cupola

In geometry, the square cupola, sometimes called lesser dome, is one of the Johnson solids (J_4). It can be obtained as a slice of the rhombicuboctahedron. As in all cupolae, the base polygon has twice as many edges and vertices as the top; in this case the base polygon is an octagon. The following formulae for the circumradius, surface area, volume, and height can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a: The dual of the square cupola has 8 triangular and 4 kite faces: The crossed square cupola is one of the nonconvex Johnson solid isomorphs, being topologically identical to the convex square cupola.

Pentagonal cupola

In geometry, the pentagonal cupola is one of the Johnson solids (J_5). It can be obtained as a slice of the rhombicosidodecahedron. The pentagonal cupola consists of 5 equilateral triangles, 5 squares, 1 pentagon, and 1 decagon. The following formulae for volume, surface area and circumradius can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a: The height of the pentagonal cupola is The dual of the pentagonal cupola has 10 triangular faces and 5 kite faces: In geometry, the crossed pentagrammic cupola is one of the nonconvex Johnson solid isomorphs, being topologically identical to the convex pentagonal cupola.

Johnson solid

In geometry, a Johnson solid is a strictly convex polyhedron each face of which is a regular polygon. There is no requirement that each face must be the same polygon, or that the same polygons join around each vertex. An example of a Johnson solid is the square-based pyramid with equilateral sides (J_1); it has 1 square face and 4 triangular faces. Some authors require that the solid not be uniform (i.e., not Platonic solid, Archimedean solid, uniform prism, or uniform antiprism) before they refer to it as a "Johnson solid".

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