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Gargamelle was a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector in operation at CERN between 1970 and 1979. It was designed to detect neutrinos and antineutrinos, which were produced with a beam from the Proton Synchrotron (PS) between 1970 and 1976, before the detector was moved to the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). In 1979 an irreparable crack was discovered in the bubble chamber, and the detector was decommissioned. It is currently part of the "Microcosm" exhibition at CERN, open to the public. Gargamelle is famous for being the experiment where neutral currents were discovered. Found in July 1973, neutral currents were the first experimental indication of the existence of the Z0 boson, and consequently a major step towards the verification of the electroweak theory. Gargamelle can refer to both the bubble chamber detector itself, or the high-energy physics experiment by the same name. The name itself is derived from a 16th-century novel by François Rabelais, The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel, in which the giantess Gargamelle is the mother of Gargantua. In a series of separate works in the 1960s Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam came up with a theory that unified electromagnetic and weak interaction between elementary particles—the electroweak theory—for which they shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their theory predicted the existence of the W± and Z0 bosons as propagators of the weak force. W± bosons have electric charge, either positive (W+) or negative (W−), the Z0, however, has no charge. Exchange of a Z0 boson transfers momentum, spin, and energy but leaves the particle's quantum numbers unaffected—charge, flavor, baryon number, lepton number, etc. Since there is no transfer of electric charge, the exchange of a Z0 is referred to as "neutral current". Neutral currents were a prediction of the electroweak theory. In 1960 Melvin Schwartz proposed a method of producing an energetic neutrino beam. This idea was used by Schwartz and others in an experiment in 1962 at Brookhaven, which demonstrated the existence of the muon and electron neutrino.
Jian Wang, Matthias Finger, Qian Wang, Yiming Li, Matthias Wolf, Varun Sharma, Yi Zhang, Konstantin Androsov, Jan Steggemann, Xin Chen, Rakesh Chawla, Matteo Galli, Anna Mascellani, João Miguel das Neves Duarte, Tagir Aushev, Tian Cheng, Yixing Chen, Werner Lustermann, Andromachi Tsirou, Alexis Kalogeropoulos, Andrea Rizzi, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Paolo Ronchese, Hua Zhang, Siyuan Wang, Tao Huang, David Vannerom, Michele Bianco, Sebastiana Gianì, Sun Hee Kim, Kun Shi, Abhisek Datta, Federica Legger, Gabriele Grosso, Ji Hyun Kim, Donghyun Kim, Zheng Wang, Sanjeev Kumar, Wei Li, Yong Yang, Geng Chen, Ajay Kumar, Ashish Sharma, Georgios Anagnostou, Joao Varela, Csaba Hajdu, Muhammad Ahmad, Ioannis Evangelou, Milos Dordevic, Meng Xiao, Sourav Sen, Xiao Wang, Kai Yi, Jing Li, Rajat Gupta, Zhen Liu, Hui Wang, Seungkyu Ha, Long Wang, Pratyush Das, Anton Petrov, Xin Sun, Xin Gao, Valérie Scheurer, Giovanni Mocellin, Muhammad Ansar Iqbal, Lukas Layer
Jian Wang, Matthias Finger, Qian Wang, Yiming Li, Matthias Wolf, Varun Sharma, Yi Zhang, Konstantin Androsov, Jan Steggemann, Leonardo Cristella, Xin Chen, Davide Di Croce, Rakesh Chawla, Matteo Galli, Anna Mascellani, João Miguel das Neves Duarte, Tagir Aushev, Lei Zhang, Tian Cheng, Yixing Chen, Werner Lustermann, Andromachi Tsirou, Alexis Kalogeropoulos, Andrea Rizzi, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Paolo Ronchese, Hua Zhang, Siyuan Wang, Tao Huang, David Vannerom, Michele Bianco, Sebastiana Gianì, Sun Hee Kim, Kun Shi, Wei Shi, Abhisek Datta, Jian Zhao, Federica Legger, Gabriele Grosso, Ji Hyun Kim, Donghyun Kim, Zheng Wang, Sanjeev Kumar, Wei Li, Yong Yang, Geng Chen, Ajay Kumar, Ashish Sharma, Georgios Anagnostou, Joao Varela, Csaba Hajdu, Muhammad Ahmad, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Ioannis Evangelou, Muhammad Shoaib, Milos Dordevic, Meng Xiao, Sourav Sen, Xiao Wang, Kai Yi, Jing Li, Rajat Gupta, Zhen Liu, Muhammad Waqas, Hui Wang, Seungkyu Ha, Long Wang, Pratyush Das, Miao Hu, Anton Petrov, Xin Sun, Xin Gao, Chen Chen, Valérie Scheurer, Giovanni Mocellin, Muhammad Ansar Iqbal, Lukas Layer
Jian Wang, Matthias Finger, Qian Wang, Yiming Li, Matthias Wolf, Varun Sharma, Yi Zhang, Konstantin Androsov, Jan Steggemann, Leonardo Cristella, Xin Chen, Davide Di Croce, Rakesh Chawla, Matteo Galli, Anna Mascellani, João Miguel das Neves Duarte, Tagir Aushev, Lei Zhang, Tian Cheng, Yixing Chen, Werner Lustermann, Andromachi Tsirou, Alexis Kalogeropoulos, Andrea Rizzi, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Paolo Ronchese, Hua Zhang, Siyuan Wang, Tao Huang, David Vannerom, Michele Bianco, Sebastiana Gianì, Sun Hee Kim, Kun Shi, Wei Shi, Abhisek Datta, Jian Zhao, Federica Legger, Gabriele Grosso, Ji Hyun Kim, Donghyun Kim, Zheng Wang, Sanjeev Kumar, Wei Li, Yong Yang, Geng Chen, Ajay Kumar, Ashish Sharma, Georgios Anagnostou, Joao Varela, Csaba Hajdu, Muhammad Ahmad, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Ioannis Evangelou, Muhammad Shoaib, Milos Dordevic, Meng Xiao, Sourav Sen, Xiao Wang, Kai Yi, Jing Li, Rajat Gupta, Zhen Liu, Muhammad Waqas, Hui Wang, Seungkyu Ha, Long Wang, Pratyush Das, Miao Hu, Anton Petrov, Xin Sun, Xin Gao, Chen Chen, Valérie Scheurer, Giovanni Mocellin, Muhammad Ansar Iqbal, Lukas Layer