Controlled Substances Act

Summary

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute establishing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated. It was passed by the 91st United States Congress as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and signed into law by President Richard Nixon. The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The legislation created five schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prev

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act

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Individual activity-travel analysis based on smartphone WiFi data

Amélie Buisson

The mobility patterns of the population are the basis of most analyses in the transportation field. We aim to extract these patterns from smartphone traces. The following thesis proposes a Bayesian approach based on smartphone location records, land use information and schedule data to understand the activities that people daily perform. We investigate two alternatives. The prior is either based on schedule data or based on land use information. We test the algorithm on the smartphone WiFi traces provided by Nokia. They have been obtained from people who live around the Leman Lake, essentially in the region of Lausanne. The Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) and OpenStreerMap (OSM) provide the schedule and the land use information. The results show that the prior based on schedule data is not convenient: the importance of the individual behavior decreases, and the activity Home comes up too often. The results are much better when the prior depends on the land use that surrounds a users’ location of interest. In addition, we have successfully extracted recognizable mobility patterns, particularly for the activities Home and Work.

2014

There is increasing concern about environmental pollution by diffuse emissions of various environmental hazards emitted by transportation activities. For the first time substances released by railways to the environment were investigated. We considered the significant sources and the amounts emitted by regular operation within the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) network (7200 km tracks). The main substances are about 2270 t y−1 metals, 1357 t y−1 hydrocarbons and 3.9 t y−1 herbicides. Most of the released metals are particles emitted by friction processes with iron, followed by copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium and lead. Only a small amount of metals is expected to be leached in dissolved phase. The emission of hydrocarbons may be diffusive (e.g. operational losses) or at point-sources (e.g. track-switch). The wooden sleepers seem to be the most important sources of hydrocarbons, followed by lubricants from track-switches and wheel flanges. The emissions reflect a spatial and temporal exposure pattern. The assessment is valuable for regulatory authorities working on soil and water protection as well as for railway companies determining their necessity of water and soil protection measures. Based on the results, selected studies may establish an understanding on relevant processes and environmental risk of railway imissions to soil, drainage water and groundwater.

2008

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Brain glycogen levels are dynamically regulated by certain neurotransmitters, including noradrenaline (NA) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In particular, glycogen synthesis involves activation by NA and VIP of the transcription factors C/EBPbeta and -delta as well as the induction of glycogen synthase. Glycogen accumulation is found in a variety of neuropathological conditions, including reactive astrocytosis after CNS lesions, as well as in Alzheimer's disease. Protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) belongs to a family of proteins that play a key role in glycogen synthesis in peripheral tissues. In this study, we report the presence of PTG mRNA in adult mouse brain, as well as in astrocytes, a non-neuronal cell type that contains most of brain glycogen. Using primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, we observed that NA leads to time- and concentration-dependent induction of PTG mRNA expression. This effect, concomitant to an enhancement of glycogen synthesis in these cells, depends on the activation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors. Induction of PTG mRNA expression was mimicked by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and by dibutyryl cAMP, suggesting the involvement of the cAMP-dependent signal transduction cascade. Among other neuroactive substances known to elevate glycogen levels in astrocytes, VIP had a comparable effect to that of noradrenaline, whereas insulin and glutamate were without effect on PTG mRNA expression. These data suggest that increased PTG expression by neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and VIP could represent a major event leading to enhancement of glycogen levels in astrocytes.

Wiley-Blackwell2000