Molecular Geometry and Hybridization

This lecture covers the theoretical aspects of molecular geometry, including the linear, triangular, tetrahedral, octahedral, and bipyramidal shapes. It also delves into the concept of hybridization, explaining how atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals. The discussion extends to the formation of chemical bonds at the orbital level, focusing on valence bond theory and the overlap of atomic orbitals. The lecture further explores the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization states, using examples like methane and ethylene to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it touches on the polarity of molecules, dipole moments, and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding.