Lecture
This lecture covers the concept of chemical bonds, focusing on hybridization of orbitals in carbon atoms and the formation of covalent bonds. It explains the different types of hybridization states, such as sp, sp2, and sp3, and their role in creating single, double, and triple bonds. The lecture also delves into the molecular geometry determined by the spatial orientation of orbitals, emphasizing the directional nature of covalent bonds. Additionally, it discusses intermolecular forces, including dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, which influence the physical properties of substances. The session concludes with an overview of metallic bonds and the influence of valence electrons on material properties.