Lecture
This lecture covers the determination of reaction spontaneity based on standard entropy, prediction of reaction spontaneity at standard conditions, calculation of Gibbs energy for CO₂ formation, effect of temperature on Gibbs energy, and the concept of chemical equilibrium. It also discusses the Gibbs energy variation during a reaction, the composition of a mixture at equilibrium, and the role of activities in chemical equilibrium. The instructor explains the concept of activities, their calculation, and their importance in equilibrium calculations, focusing on homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria.