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This lecture covers the principles of amperometric sensors, focusing on the measurement process at a specific potential, redox reactions, electrode surfaces, diffusion layers, and saturation values. It also discusses the use of op amps to control bias voltage, fix electrode potentials, and measure current. The application of amperometric sensors in measuring hypochlorous acid and chlorine levels in water is explained, along with the design of a CO gas sensor. Additionally, the lecture introduces biosensors, including amperometric biosensors for glucose detection and immunosensors for molecule concentration measurement using selective affinity. Various detection methods such as indirect detection, interferometric detection, and plasmon resonance are also discussed.