Fermat's Little Theorem

This lecture covers Fermat's Little Theorem, which states that if N is a prime number, then for any integer A not divisible by N, A^(N-1) is congruent to 1 modulo N. The instructor explains the theorem's contrapositive and extensions, highlighting its applications in determining prime numbers and the probability of a number being prime when satisfying the theorem. Various algorithms, such as the Miller-Rabin primality test, are discussed to efficiently test for primality. The lecture also delves into generating random prime numbers and the importance of prime numbers in cryptography.