Lecture
This lecture provides an in-depth overview of how operating systems interact with input/output (IO) devices, focusing on the hardware fundamentals necessary for understanding device drivers. It begins by discussing the role of the operating system in mediating interactions between applications and hardware, emphasizing the importance of IO controllers. The lecture covers various types of IO devices, particularly hard drives, and explains the mechanics behind their performance. Key concepts such as the IO abstraction stack, device protocols, and the significance of latency in operations are introduced. The instructor highlights the differences between polling and interrupts, detailing how each method affects CPU performance and efficiency. Additionally, the lecture explores direct memory access (DMA) as a critical mechanism for high-performance data transfer between devices and memory. By the end of the session, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexities involved in IO device management and the implications for operating system design.