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All of the cations currently used in perovskite solar cells abide by the tolerance factor for incorporation into the lattice. We show that the small and oxidation-stable rubidium cation (Rb+) can be embedded into a "cation cascade" to create perovskite materials with excellent material properties. We achieved stabilized efficiencies of up to 21.6% (average value, 20.2%) on small areas (and a stabilized 19.0% on a cell 0.5 square centimeters in area) as well as an electroluminescence of 3.8%. The open-circuit voltage of 1.24 volts at a band gap of 1.63 electron volts leads to a loss in potential of 0.39 volts, versus 0.4 volts for commercial silicon cells. Polymer-coated cells maintained 95% of their initial performance at 85 degrees C for 500 hours under full illumination and maximum power point tracking.
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Antonio Abate, Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena, Filippo de Angelis, Michael Graetzel, Ulf Anders Hagfeldt, Michael Saliba, Wolfgang Richard Tress, Silver Hamill Turren Cruz
Antonio Abate, Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena, Konrad Domanski, Ulf Anders Hagfeldt, Elham Halvani Anaraki, Taisuke Matsui, Michael Saliba, Ludmilla Steier, Wolfgang Richard Tress