New perspectives for spatial planning in Switzerland: the role of ecosystem services

Spatial planning deals with the spatial expression of human activities in an integrated way to minimize their negative impacts on the natural and land systems. Rapid land use and land cover changes are important drivers of change of the benefits people derive from biodiversity and ecosystem functions, known as ecosystem services (ES). The concept of ES has the potential to frame the systematic integration of a comprehensive ecological understanding in spatial planning. In Switzerland, ES may have been affected to different degrees by past and current land management strategies. Better integration of ES into spatial planning requires an understanding of: (i) the relationships between land management strategies and the supply of ES, (ii) the degree of uptake of the ES concept in current planning documents, (iii) the spatio-temporal patterns of ES supply and their drivers of change, and (iv) place-based knowledge to develop planning policies with multiple objectives. The aim of this thesis is to understand the role of ES for spatial planning in Switzerland. Four hypotheses are tested in individual articles published in international peer-reviewed journals. The first article seeks to understand the historical dynamics of ES and analyses regional diversity of ES changes in Swiss cantons. It shows the limited impact of current land management policies to preserve ES supply, and their application at the cantonal level develops long lasting "regionalities" in the supply of ES. The second article includes qualitative aspects to understand the uptake of ES in cantonal structural plans. It shows the strong discrepancies in the level of representation of ES across cantons, the little emphasis put on some ES across all plans, notably in binding parts, and the lack of coordination between cantons. The third paper explores the spatial patterns and drivers of temporal variations of ES supply at the municipal level in the canton of Vaud. It demonstrates that ES trade-offs and synergies vary across space and time and respond to different drivers of change. The last article puts emphasis on stakeholders' preferences and perceptions of ES to better consider ES in planning. It demonstrates the importance of considering different viewpoints of key stakeholders to develop integrated planning measures for ES. Overall, the findings highlight empirically clear territorial clustering of ES at the cantonal and municipal scale. It suggests five areas for intervention: coordination between sectors at the federal and cantonal level; stricter implementation of the Federal Act on Spatial Planning and interdisciplinarity; incentives to assist farmers in changing their ways; revision of the Sectorial Plan on land crop rotation areas; and strengthening the legal framework around the integration, and protection of protected areas and biodiversity in planning. Finally, we discuss two planning alternatives with the use of land sparing and land sharing strategies in Switzerland. We conclude that such dichotomy is not suitable and that both principles could be used to guide spatial planning in hilly and mountainous regions and in the Plateau area, respectively. Altogether, this work contributes to closing the gap between research on ES and the integration of this knowledge in spatial planning. It calls for a paradigm change in spatial planning based on an in-depth understanding of making human benefits from ecosystems explicit, and dealing with trade-offs.

Historical dynamics of ecosystem services and land management policies in Switzerland

Martí Bosch Padros, Jérôme Chenal, Stéphanie Aline Hasler, Rémi Jaligot

Ecosystem services (ES) are dynamic over space and time. Understanding and quantifying spatio-temporal trade-offs and synergies among multiples ES, as well identifying the drivers of change provides an opportunity to make the link between ecosystems, policy and land management. We present an approach to understand the historical dynamics of ES and to analyze the regional diversity in ES changes in Switzerland. A spatio-temporal approach was used to examine changes of nine ES and their relationships from 1986 to 2015 across the twenty-six Swiss cantons. We found that ES supply was dependent on the spatial and temporal distribution of interacting factors. The relationships between ES shifted through time, and the correlation between the supply of ES and the distance between cantons was significant but remained almost constant through time. Each canton is providing a specific bundle (a set of positively correlated ES), dominated by just a few services. Trajectories in ES supply were related to changes in population density and the surface area of organic farming, reflecting trajectories in national strategies of land use planning and agriculture, respectively. Cantons with the lowest supply of ES had the highest population density, while the cantons with the greatest abundance of cultural ES had the lowest population density, which suggests that the densification trend in Switzerland could yield negative externalities. The promotion of organic farming and moderate population density was suitable to ensure sustainable supply of provisioning and regulating ES, but not cultural ES. We provide clear evidence of the dynamic nature of ES through time. Analyses of the relationships between the drivers and ES supply allows identifying the potential limits of national policies and new forms of land use planning based the ecosystem multifunctionality of territories.

2019

Assessing spatial temporal patterns of ecosystem services in Switzerland

Martí Bosch Padros, Jérôme Chenal, Rémi Jaligot

Despite the importance of understanding the historical dynamics of ecosystem services (ES), littleresearch has focused on a historical, spatially explicit, assessment of ES supply. This research is aimed at understanding the spatial patterns and potential drivers of temporal variations of ES supply. It has assessed associations of ES temporal variations, delineated ES bundles from changes in ES supply over time, and identified potential drivers of ES bundles. Finally, we discuss the potential implications for spatial planning. We reconstructed the spatio-temporal pat-terns of 11 ES supply in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between 1979 and 2014. We used Spearman’s rank coefficient, k-means clustering and redundancy analysis to understand the spatial patterns and potential drivers of temporal variations of ES supply. Municipalities were grouped into four clusters based on ES supply changes over four decades. Food production showed the most negative associations with other ES. Regulating ES were not always synergetic and were less related to increases in population density than cultural ES, which were found in low population density municipalities. In general, synergetic ES may not respond to the same potential drivers. Municipalities were able to supply ES at different levels but none showed an increase in all ES. ES can be synergetic in one bundle, but antagonistic in another. Different processes can cause a change in the same ES depending on their supply location. It seems unrealistic to require each municipality to have a multifunctional territory in the current political context.

2019

Historical dynamics of ecosystem services and land management policies in Switzerland

Martí Bosch Padros, Jérôme Chenal, Stéphanie Aline Hasler, Rémi Jaligot

2019