Dynamic heightDynamic height is a way of specifying the vertical position of a point above a vertical datum; it is an alternative for orthometric height or normal height. It can be computed by dividing the location's geopotential number by the normal gravity at 45 degree latitude (a constant). Dynamic height is constant if one follows the same gravity potential as one moves from place to place. Because of variations in gravity, surfaces having a constant difference in dynamic height may be closer or further apart in various places.
Equatorial bulgeAn equatorial bulge is a difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of a planet, due to the centrifugal force exerted by the rotation about the body's axis. A rotating body tends to form an oblate spheroid rather than a sphere. Earth ellipsoid The planet Earth has a rather slight equatorial bulge; its equatorial diameter is about greater than its polar diameter, with a difference of about of the equatorial diameter. If Earth were scaled down to a globe with an equatorial diameter of , that difference would be only .
Spherical EarthSpherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of figure of the Earth as a sphere. The earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of Greek philosophers. In the 3rd century BC, Hellenistic astronomy established the roughly spherical shape of Earth as a physical fact and calculated the Earth's circumference. This knowledge was gradually adopted throughout the Old World during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Mille marinLe mille marin ou nautique, (symbole M, NM, nm, nmi ou Nq) est une unité de mesure de longueur utilisée en navigation maritime et aérienne, égale par convention à . Bien que ne faisant pas partie du Système international d'unités, le mille marin lui est lié puisque défini par rapport au mètre. Historiquement, il a la valeur moyenne d'une minute de latitude d'un arc de méridien soit , ce qui a été arrondi par convention à .
Orthometric heightThe orthometric height is the vertical distance H along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid, the vertical datum that approximates mean sea level. Orthometric height is one of the scientific formalizations of a laypersons' "height above sea level", along with other types of heights in Geodesy. In the US, the current NAVD88 datum is tied to a defined elevation at one point rather than to any location's exact mean sea level.
Sous-unités du degréLes sous-unités du degré sont des unités d'angle, c'est-à-dire des mesures d'angle, qui permettent davantage de précision que le degré. Il y a cohabitation entre le système sexagésimal (en base 60, connu sous le nom DMS pour « Degré-Minute-Seconde ») et le système décimal (en base dix, connu sous le nom DD pour « degré décimal ») pour la construction des sous-unités. Ces unités ont été inventées par les Babyloniens.
Position du Soleilvignette|Le Soleil vu de Lamlash, Ecosse () le à , heure locale temps. La position du Soleil dans le ciel est fonction à la fois du temps et de l'emplacement géographique de l'observation à la surface de la Terre. Alors que la Terre orbite autour du Soleil au cours d'une année, le Soleil semble se déplacer par rapport aux étoiles fixes de la sphère céleste, le long d'une trajectoire circulaire appelée écliptique.
Flat EarthFlat Earth is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape as a plane or disk. Many ancient cultures subscribed to a flat-Earth cosmography. The idea of a spherical Earth appeared in ancient Greek philosophy with Pythagoras (6th century BC). However, most pre-Socratics (6th–5th century BC) retained the flat-Earth model. In the early 4th century BC, Plato wrote about a spherical Earth. By about 330 BC, his former student Aristotle had provided strong empirical evidence for a spherical Earth.
Polar motionPolar motion of the Earth is the motion of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust. This is measured with respect to a reference frame in which the solid Earth is fixed (a so-called Earth-centered, Earth-fixed or ECEF reference frame). This variation is a few meters on the surface of the Earth. Polar motion is defined relative to a conventionally defined reference axis, the CIO (Conventional International Origin), being the pole's average location over the year 1900.
Normal heightNormal heights is a type of height above sea level introduced by Mikhail Molodenskii. The normal height (or ) of a point is computed as the ratio of a point's geopotential number (i.e. its geopotential difference with that of sea level), by the average, normal gravity computed along the plumb line of the point. (More precisely, along the ellipsoidal normal, averaging over the height range from 0 — on the reference ellipsoid — to ; the procedure is thus recursive.) Normal heights are thus dependent upon the reference ellipsoid chosen.
