Responsabilité limitéeLa responsabilité limitée, ou risque limité, est un concept dans lequel les différentes personnes physiques participant à une personne morale voient leur responsabilité financière limitée à une certaine somme, le plus souvent le montant de leurs investissements respectifs dans cette personne morale. On l'oppose à la responsabilité illimitée. Dans les pays de common law, la responsabilité limitée des actionnaires provient de l'arrêt Salomon v A Salomon & Co..
Contractual termA contractual term is "any provision forming part of a contract". Each term gives rise to a contractual obligation, the breach of which may give rise to litigation. Not all terms are stated expressly and some terms carry less legal gravity as they are peripheral to the objectives of the contract. The terms of a contract are the essence of a contract, and tell the reader what the contract will do. For instance, the price of a good, the time of its promised delivery and the description of the good will all be terms of the contract.
Judicial opinionA judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a judicial panel in the course of resolving a legal dispute, providing the decision reached to resolve the dispute, and usually indicating the facts which led to the dispute and an analysis of the law used to arrive at the decision. An opinion may be released in several stages of completeness. First, a bench opinion may be handed down, with the judge or panel of judges indicating their decision and a rough explanation of the reasoning underlying it.
Criminalité financièreLa criminalité financière est un domaine particulier de la criminalité regroupant les activités financières illégales, échappant aux lois des différents pays. On parle aussi d'escroquerie et de « criminalité en col blanc ». Elle n'inclut généralement pas l'escroquerie pratiquée envers les particuliers, même si celle-ci est bien souvent à caractère financier, mais plutôt les délits commis à la faveur d'un emploi dans un organisme (association, entreprise, parti, syndicat...), souvent au détriment de celui-ci.
Relevance (law)Relevance, in the common law of evidence, is the tendency of a given item of evidence to prove or disprove one of the legal elements of the case, or to have probative value to make one of the elements of the case likelier or not. Probative is a term used in law to signify "tending to prove". Probative evidence "seeks the truth". Generally in law, evidence that is not probative (doesn't tend to prove the proposition for which it is proffered) is inadmissible and the rules of evidence permit it to be excluded from a proceeding or stricken from the record "if objected to by opposing counsel".
Legal liabilityIn law, liable means "responsible or answerable in law; legally obligated". Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies. The claimant is the one who seeks to establish, or prove, liability. Claimants can prove liability through a myriad of different theories, known as theories of liability. Which theories of liability are available in a given case depends on nature of the law in question.
Titre de résidentPermanent residency is a person's legal resident status in a country or territory of which such person is not a citizen but where they have the right to reside on a permanent basis. This is usually for a permanent period; a person with such legal status is known as a permanent resident. In the United States, such a person is referred to as a green card holder but more formally as a Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR). Permanent residency itself is distinct from right of abode, which waives immigration control for such persons.
DéconfitureLa déconfiture est un terme du droit civil qui désigne l'insolvabilité d'un débiteur, commerçant ou non, qui ne peut faire face à ses dettes. Dans le premier sens du terme, la "déconfiture", expression de moins en moins usitée, désigne la situation dans laquelle se trouve un débiteur insolvable durant la période ayant précédé l'ouverture d'une procédure collective pour un commerçant ou un membre d'une profession indépendante (redressement judiciaire, liquidation judiciaire).
Fixture (property law)A fixture, as a legal concept, means any physical property that is permanently attached (fixed) to real property (usually land). Property not affixed to real property is considered chattel property. Fixtures are treated as a part of real property, particularly in the case of a security interest. A classic example of a fixture is a building, which, in the absence of language to the contrary in a contract of sale, is considered part of the land itself and not a separate piece of property.
NuisanceLa nuisance caractérise généralement un fait (une source) perceptible, provoquant une souffrance vécue et subie. Le bruit est la première source de plaintes dans de nombreux pays. D’autres nuisances communes sont l’exposition à la poussière, à des fumées, à des vibrations (infrasons), au dérangement (de jour ou de nuit), à de mauvaises odeurs, à des déjections, boues (dont d'épuration) ou déchets divers, à l'exposition à des eaux ou à de l'air pollué, ou encore à l’éclairage nocturne indésirable ou intrusif (dans ce cas si on y associe les impacts sur la santé, la faune et les écosystèmes, on parle aussi de pollution lumineuse).
