Brownian ratchetIn the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, the Brownian ratchet or Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet is an apparent perpetual motion machine of the second kind (converting thermal energy into mechanical work), first analysed in 1912 as a thought experiment by Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski. It was popularised by American Nobel laureate physicist Richard Feynman in a physics lecture at the California Institute of Technology on May 11, 1962, during his Messenger Lectures series The Character of Physical Law in Cornell University in 1964 and in his text The Feynman Lectures on Physics as an illustration of the laws of thermodynamics.
Algorithme de Deutsch-JozsaL'algorithme de Deutsch-Jozsa est un algorithme quantique, proposé par David Deutsch et Richard Jozsa en 1992 avec des améliorations de R. Cleve, A. Ekert, C. Macchiavello, et M. Mosca en 1998. Bien qu'il ne soit pas d'un grand intérêt pratique, il s'agit d'un des premiers algorithmes quantiques qui est plus efficace qu'un algorithme classique. Dans le cas du problème de Deutsch-Jozsa, nous disposons d'une boîte noire quantique, connu sous le nom d'oracle qui implémente une fonction mathématique .
Quantum Turing machineA quantum Turing machine (QTM) or universal quantum computer is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer. It provides a simple model that captures all of the power of quantum computation—that is, any quantum algorithm can be expressed formally as a particular quantum Turing machine. However, the computationally equivalent quantum circuit is a more common model. Quantum Turing machines can be related to classical and probabilistic Turing machines in a framework based on transition matrices.
Mesure faibleEn mécanique quantique, une mesure faible (weak measurement en anglais) est une technique permettant de mesurer la valeur moyenne d'une observable d'un système quantique, en ne perturbant celui-ci que de manière négligeable. La théorie de ce type de mesure a été développé initialement par Yakir Aharonov, David Albert and Lev Vaidman en 1988.
Boson samplingBoson sampling is a restricted model of non-universal quantum computation introduced by Scott Aaronson and Alex Arkhipov after the original work of Lidror Troyansky and Naftali Tishby, that explored possible usage of boson scattering to evaluate expectation values of permanents of matrices. The model consists of sampling from the probability distribution of identical bosons scattered by a linear interferometer.
Code stabilisateurUn code stabilisateur est un code quantique autocorrecteur qui protège k qubits en les encodant dans n qubits (avec nécessairement ). La mise en œuvre d'ordinateurs quantiques se heurte aux difficultés introduites par la présence de bruits, d'origine externe ou interne au système quantique construit, et qui perturbent les distributions probabilistes des états intriqués mesurés en fin de calcul.
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computerNuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing (NMRQC) is one of the several proposed approaches for constructing a quantum computer, that uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubits. The quantum states are probed through the nuclear magnetic resonances, allowing the system to be implemented as a variation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems, in this case molecules, rather than a single pure state.
Quantum annealingQuantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete (combinatorial optimization problems) with many local minima; such as finding the ground state of a spin glass or the traveling salesman problem. The term "quantum annealing" was first proposed in 1988 by B. Apolloni, N.
Schmidt decompositionIn linear algebra, the Schmidt decomposition (named after its originator Erhard Schmidt) refers to a particular way of expressing a vector in the tensor product of two inner product spaces. It has numerous applications in quantum information theory, for example in entanglement characterization and in state purification, and plasticity. Let and be Hilbert spaces of dimensions n and m respectively. Assume . For any vector in the tensor product , there exist orthonormal sets and such that , where the scalars are real, non-negative, and unique up to re-ordering.
Eastin–Knill theoremThe Eastin–Knill theorem is a no-go theorem that states: "No quantum error correcting code can have a continuous symmetry which acts transversely on physical qubits". In other words, no quantum error correcting code can transversely implement a universal gate set. Since quantum computers are inherently noisy, quantum error correcting codes are used to correct errors that affect information due to decoherence. Decoding error corrected data in order to perform gates on the qubits makes it prone to errors.
