Système logicielUn système logiciel est un ensemble de composants logiciels (programmes, documentations, fichiers de configuration). Un système logiciel est partie intégrante d'un système informatique, ce dernier étant composé de systèmes matériels et de systèmes logiciels. On doit distinguer le terme système logiciel des termes logiciel (incluant logiciel applicatif) et programme informatique.
Fractalevignette|Exemple de figure fractale (détail de l'ensemble de Mandelbrot)|alt=Exemple de figure fractale (détail de l'ensemble de Mandelbrot). vignette|Ensemble de Julia en . Une figure fractale est un objet mathématique qui présente une structure similaire à toutes les échelles. C'est un objet géométrique « infiniment morcelé » dont des détails sont observables à une échelle arbitrairement choisie. En zoomant sur une partie de la figure, il est possible de retrouver toute la figure ; on dit alors qu’elle est « auto similaire ».
Agent-based computational economicsAgent-based computational economics (ACE) is the area of computational economics that studies economic processes, including whole economies, as dynamic systems of interacting agents. As such, it falls in the paradigm of complex adaptive systems. In corresponding agent-based models, the "agents" are "computational objects modeled as interacting according to rules" over space and time, not real people. The rules are formulated to model behavior and social interactions based on incentives and information.
Social systemIn sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. It is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, religions, corporations, and industries.
LinearizationIn mathematics, linearization is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems. This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology.
Requirements traceabilityRequirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering. Traceability as a general term is defined by the IEEE Systems and Software Engineering Vocabulary as (1) the degree to which a relationship can be established between two or more products of the development process, especially products having a predecessor-successor or primary-subordinate relationship to one another; (2) the identification and documentation of derivation paths (upward) and allocation or flowdown paths (downward) of work products in the work product hierarchy; (3) the degree to which each element in a software development product establishes its reason for existing; and (4) discernible association among two or more logical entities, such as requirements, system elements, verifications, or tasks.
Condition initialeEn physique ou en mathématique, on définit comme conditions initiales les éléments nécessaires à la détermination de la solution complète et si possible unique d'un problème, éléments qui décrivent l'état du système à l'instant initial, c'est-à-dire l'état de départ. Plus formellement, on appelle « condition initiale » l'espace d'état d'un système étudié à l'instant initial. C'est ce qui permet de déterminer les coefficients des solutions des équations différentielles, par exemple les équations de mouvement des corps.
Variety (cybernetics)In cybernetics, the term variety denotes the total number of distinguishable elements of a set, most often the set of states, inputs, or outputs of a finite-state machine or transformation, or the binary logarithm of the same quantity. Variety is used in cybernetics as an information theory that is easily related to deterministic finite automata, and less formally as a conceptual tool for thinking about organization, regulation, and stability. It is an early theory of complexity in automata, complex systems, and operations research.
Cycle en Vthumb|300px|Les phases du cycle en V Le cycle en V (« V model » ou « Vee model » en anglais) est un modèle d'organisation des activités de développement d'un produit qui se caractérise par un flux d'activité descendant qui détaille le produit jusqu'à sa réalisation, et un flux ascendant, qui assemble le produit en vérifiant sa qualité. Ce modèle est issu du modèle en cascade dont il reprend l'approche séquentielle et linéaire de phases.
Mixing (mathematics)In mathematics, mixing is an abstract concept originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: e.g. mixing paint, mixing drinks, industrial mixing. The concept appears in ergodic theory—the study of stochastic processes and measure-preserving dynamical systems. Several different definitions for mixing exist, including strong mixing, weak mixing and topological mixing, with the last not requiring a measure to be defined.
