OpinionL’opinion est un jugement que l'on porte sur un individu, un être vivant, un phénomène, un fait, un objet ou une chose. Elle peut être considérée comme bonne ou mauvaise. L'opinion peut influencer et peut donner de bonnes ou mauvaises informations sur un sujet étudié au sein d'un groupe, d'une personne, d'un objet. Une opinion (terme issu du verbe latin opinari) est un ensemble de jugements que l’on se fait à propos d’un objet. Selon les Définitions du pseudo-Platon, l’opinion est la .
ConfidenceConfidence is the state of being clear-headed: either that a hypothesis or prediction is correct, or that a chosen course of action is the best or most effective. Confidence comes from the Latin word fidere which means "to trust". In contrast, arrogance or hubris is a state of unmerited confidence—belief lacking evidence and/or a reason. Overconfidence or presumptuousness is excessive belief in success without regard for potential failure.
DefeaterA defeater of a belief is evidence that this belief is false. Defeaters are of particular interest to epistemology because they affect whether a belief is justified. An important distinction is between undercutting and rebutting defeaters. Undercutting defeaters remove evidential support for a belief while rebutting defeaters provide evidential support for the opposite thesis of the belief. Defeaters play a central role in modern developments of defeasible reasoning.
Direction of fitThe technical term direction of fit is used to describe the distinctions that are offered by two related pairs of opposing terms: The more general set of mind-to-world (i.e., mind-to-fit-world, not from-mind-to-world) vs. world-to-mind (i.e., world-to-fit-mind) used by philosophers of mind, and The narrower, more specific set, word-to-world (i.e., word-to-fit-world) vs. world-to-word (i.e., world-to-fit-word) used by advocates of speech act theory such as John Searle. In philosophy of mind, a belief has a mind-to-world direction of fit.
Norm (philosophy)Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to affecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply "ought-to" types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide "is" types of statements and assertions. Common normative sentences include commands, permissions, and prohibitions; common normative abstract concepts include sincerity, justification, and honesty.
Peer pressurePeer pressure is the direct or indirect influence on peers, i.e., members of social groups with similar interests, experiences, or social statuses. Members of a peer group are more likely to influence a person's beliefs, values, and behavior. A group or individual may be encouraged and want to follow their peers by changing their attitudes, values or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. For the individual affected by peer pressure, this can have both a positive or negative effect on them.
Philosophical theoryA philosophical theory or philosophical position is a view that attempts to explain or account for a particular problem in philosophy. The use of the term "theory" is a statement of colloquial English and not a technical term. While any sort of thesis or opinion may be termed a position, in analytic philosophy it is thought best to reserve the word "theory" for systematic, comprehensive attempts to solve problems. The elements that comprise a philosophical position consist of statements which are believed to be true by the thinkers who accept them, and which may or may not be empirical.
Basic beliefBasic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be known.
Holismevignette|264x264px|Holism and Evolution. Holisme (du grec ancien signifiant « entier ») est un néologisme forgé en 1926 par l'homme d'État sud-africain Jan Christiaan Smuts pour son ouvrage Holism and Evolution. Selon son auteur, le holisme est . Le holisme se définit donc globalement par la pensée qui tend à expliquer un phénomène comme étant un ensemble indivisible, la simple somme de ses parties ne suffisant pas à le définir. De ce fait, la pensée holiste se trouve en opposition avec la pensée réductionniste qui tend à expliquer un phénomène en le divisant en parties.
État de chosesEn métaphysique analytique, un état de choses ou fait est une réalité fondamentale composite qui provient de la combinaison d’un individu au sens strict (thin particular en anglais) et d’une propriété. D'après David M. Armstrong, cette combinaison est la structure la plus fondamentale de la réalité. À ces deux constituants s'ajoutent des relations entre les individus. Le concept d'« état de choses » (state of affairs en anglais) a été forgé par David Armstrong à partir de la notion de « fait » proposée par Wittgenstein dans son Tractatus.
