Basic belief

Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be known. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Beliefs that are properly basic, in that they do not depend upon justification of other beliefs, but on something outside the realm of belief (a "non-doxastic justification") Beliefs that derive from one or more basic beliefs, and therefore depend on the basic beliefs for their validity Within this basic framework of foundationalism exist a number of views regarding which types of beliefs qualify as properly basic; that is, what sorts of beliefs can be justifiably held without the justification of other beliefs. In classical foundationalism, beliefs are held to be properly basic if they are either self-evident axioms, or evident to the senses (empiricism). However Anthony Kenny and others have argued that this is a self-refuting idea. In modern foundationalism, beliefs are held to be properly basic if they were either self-evident axiom or incorrigible. One such axiom is René Descartes's axiom, Cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am"). Incorrigible (lit. uncorrectable) beliefs are those one can believe without possibly being proven wrong. Notably, the evidence of the senses is not seen as properly basic because, Descartes argued, all our sensory experience could be an illusion. In what Keith Lehrer has called "fallible foundationalism", also known as "moderate foundationalism", the division between inferential and non-inferential belief is retained, but the requirement of incorrigibility is dropped. This, it is claimed, allows the senses to resume their traditional role as the basis of non-inferential belief despite their fallibility. In reformed epistemology, beliefs are held to be properly basic if they are reasonable and consistent with a sensible world view.

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Concepts associés (7)

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Représentation mentale

La représentation mentale est une représentation que l'on se fait, par la pensée, d'une projection sensorielle, d'un concept ou d'une situation. Une représentation mentale peut être de l'ordre du réel ou du fictif. La représentation mentale ne doit pas être confondue avec les techniques d'. Une représentation mentale ou représentation cognitive est l'image qu'un individu se fait d'une situation. Elle est au confluent des sensations et de la mémoire.

Set (psychology)

In psychology, a set is a group of expectations that shape experience by making people especially sensitive to specific kinds of information. A perceptual set, also called perceptual expectancy, is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses. They can be long term, such as a special sensitivity to hearing one's own name in a crowded room, or short term, as in the ease with which hungry people notice the smell of food. A mental set is a framework for thinking about a problem.

Paradigme

thumb|250px|Universum, C. Flammarion, gravure sur bois, Paris 1888. Un paradigme est — en épistémologie et dans les sciences humaines et sociales – une représentation du monde, une manière de voir les choses, un modèle cohérent du monde qui repose sur un fondement défini (matrice disciplinaire, modèle théorique, courant de pensée). . Le sens français désigne un exemple linguistique. Les paradigmes sont, selon le philosophe des sciences Thomas Samuel Kuhn des .

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