Mononucléose infectieuse

La mononucléose infectieuse (MNi) correspond à la primo-infection symptomatique, provoquée par le virus d'Epstein-Barr (couramment abrégé en EBV d'après la terminologie anglophone), qui appartient à la même famille que les virus de l’herpès et de la varicelle. Transmise préférentiellement par la salive, on l'appelle , mais il s agit le plus souvent de gouttelettes, comme la plupart des virus et bactéries. Cette affection fréquente se caractérise par une lymphocytose lympho-plasmo-monocytaire (c'est-à-dire un excès de cellules sanguines mononucléaires, d'où le terme mononucléose) et une réaction sérologique de Paul-Bunnel-Davidsohn positive. On considère de plus en plus que le suivi des anticorps de l'EBV (IgM et IgG) permet de conclure à une MNI si les autres symptômes typiques sont associés chez une personne sans défaillance de son immunité. Les différents synonymes pour cette maladie sont : adénolymphoïdite aiguë bénigne, angine monocytaire, lymphoblastose bénigne, monocytose aig

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Weakened [corrected] taste-LPS association during endotoxin tolerance

Raphaël Doenlen

In naive individuals, the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provokes a rapid systemic increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, inducing an acute phase response including sickness behavior. Strong associative learning occurs when relevant gustatory/olfactory stimuli precede the activation of the immune system, affecting long-term individual food selection and nutritional strategies. Repeated LPS administration results in the development of an endotoxin tolerance status, characterized by a drastic reduction in the LPS-induced cytokine response. Here we investigated how the postprandial categorization of a relevant taste (0.2% saccharin) changed after administration of a high dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) in LPS-tolerant animals. Determination of the consummatory fluid intake revealed that, in contrast to LPS-naive rats, taste-LPS association did not occur during endotoxin tolerance. Ninety minutes after the single association trial, the plasma responses of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were completely blunted in LPS-tolerant animals, which also resulted in low LPS-adipsogenic and LPS-anorexic effects. These findings indicate that an identical immune challenge can result in completely different neuro-behavioral consequences depending on the immune history of the individual, thus revealing part of the complex interconnection between the immune and neuro-endocrine systems in regulating food selection and consumption during the infectious process.

Elsevier2007

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Global convergence of COVID-19 basic reproduction number and estimation from early-time SIR dynamics

Gabriel George Katul

The SIR (‘susceptible-infectious-recovered’) formulation is used to uncover the generic spread mechanisms observed by COVID-19 dynamics globally, especially in the early phases of infectious spread. During this early period, potential controls were not effectively put in place or enforced in many countries. Hence, the early phases of COVID-19 spread in countries where controls were weak offer a unique perspective on the ensemble-behavior of COVID-19 basic reproduction number Ro inferred from SIR formulation. The work here shows that there is global convergence (i.e., across many nations) to an uncontrolled Ro = 4.5 that describes the early time spread of COVID-19. This value is in agreement with independent estimates from other sources reviewed here and adds to the growing consensus that the early estimate of Ro = 2.2 adopted by the World Health Organization is low. A reconciliation between power-law and exponential growth predictions is also featured within the confines of the SIR formulation. The effects of testing ramp-up and the role of ‘super-spreaders’ on the inference of Ro are analyzed using idealized scenarios. Implications for evaluating potential control strategies from this uncontrolled Ro are briefly discussed in the context of the maximum possible infected fraction of the population (needed to assess health care capacity) and mortality (especially in the USA given diverging projections). Model results indicate that if intervention measures still result in Ro > 2.7 within 44 days after first infection, intervention is unlikely to be effective in general for COVID-19.

2020

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Productive replication of adeno-associated virus can occur in human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) episome-containing keratinocytes and is augmented by the HPV-16 E2 protein

Peter Martin Beard

We used a sensitive assay to test whether an adeno-associated virus (AAV) productive replication cycle can occur in immortalized human keratinocytes carrying episomal human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) DNA. Following transfection with cloned AAV DNA, infectious AAV was produced, and the infectivity was blocked by anti-AAV antiserum. The HPV-16 E2 protein substantially increased the yield of AAV. Other HPV early proteins did not, in our experiments, show this ability. E2 has been shown to be able to affect p53 levels and to block cell cycle progression at mitosis. We tested the effect of changes in p53 expression on AAV replication and found that large differences in the level of p53 did not alter AAV DNA replication. In extension of this, we found that cellular help for AAV in response to stress was also independent of p53. To test if a mitotic block could trigger AAV DNA replication, we treated the cells with the mitotic inhibitor nocodazole. AAV DNA replication was stimulated by the presence of nocodazole in these and a number of other cell types tested. Yields of infectious virus, however, were not increased by this treatment. We conclude that the HPV-16 E2 protein stimulates AAV multiplication in these cells and propose that this occurs independently of the effects of E2 on p53 and cell cycle progression. Since the effect of E2 was not seen in keratinocytes lacking the HPV-16 episome, we suggest that E2 can help AAV by working in concert with other HPV-16 proteins.

2000

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Virus d'Epstein-Barr

Le virus d'Epstein-Barr (aussi appelé EBV) ou virus de l’herpès 4 (HHV-4) est un virus de la famille des Herpesviridae. Il fait partie de la sous-famille des . Le virus d'Epstein-Barr cause plusieu

Maladie virale

Une maladie virale, ou virose, est une maladie déclenchée par un virus et sa propagation dans l'organisme (et aux dépens de l'organisme). Les virus à ARN peuvent se transformer très rapidement et déj

Lymphome

Un lymphome, aussi plus rigoureusement appelé lymphome malin ou lymphosarcome, est un cancer du système lymphatique qui se développe aux dépens des lymphocytes. Il est caractérisé par des proliférat

BIO-321: Morphology II

Ce cours permet aux étudiants ayant suivi Morphologie I de réviser et d'approfondir leurs connaissances par l'étude de l'anatomie radiologique et du développement. L'origine de malformations fréquentes est décrite. Divers sujets requis pour l'examen d'entrée à la Passerelle sont aussi traités.

BIO-480: Neuroscience: from molecular mechanisms to disease

The goal of the course is to guide students through the essential aspects of molecular neuroscience and neurodegenerative diseases. The student will gain the ability to dissect the molecular basis of disease in the nervous system in order to begin to understand and identify therapeutic strategies.