Concept
Ferdinand de Saussure
Concepts associés (30)
Theory of language
Theory of language is a topic from philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics. It has the goal of answering the questions "What is language?"; "Why do languages have the properties they have?"; or "What is the origin of language?". In addition to these fundamental questions, the theory of language also seeks to understand how language is acquired and used by individuals and communities. This involves investigating the cognitive and neural processes involved in language processing and production, as well as the social and cultural factors that shape linguistic behavior.
Grammaire de construction
La grammaire de construction (souvent abrégée CxG pour l'anglais Construction Grammar) est une famille de théories sociobiologiques dans le domaine de la linguistique cognitive et évolutive. Ceux-ci supposent que le langage humain est constitué de constructions ou d'appariements appris de formes linguistiques avec des significations. Les constructions correspondent à des réplicateurs ou des mêmes dans la mémétique et d'autres théories de réplicateurs culturels.
Tournant linguistique
Le tournant linguistique, plus souvent désigné par l'expression anglaise linguistic turn, est originellement une expression par laquelle Gustav Bergmann désignait en 1953 une manière de faire de la philosophie initiée par Ludwig Wittgenstein dans son Tractatus logico-philosophicus. D'une manière générale, il s'agit d'un changement méthodologique et substantiel, affirmant que le travail conceptuel de la philosophie ne peut avoir lieu sans une analyse préalable du langage. Le tournant linguistique a notamment connu des applications en histoire.
Usage-based models of language
The Usage-based linguistics is a linguistics approach within a broader functional/cognitive framework, that emerged since the late 1980s, and that assumes a profound relation between linguistic structure and usage. It challenges the dominant focus, in 20th century linguistics (and in particular con formalism-generativism), on considering language as an isolated system removed from its use in human interaction and human cognition.
Description linguistique
En linguistique, la description linguistique consiste à analyser et à décrire objectivement l’utilisation actuelle ou historique de la langue par des groupes de population ou par une communauté linguistique. Selon le linguiste anglais Larry Andrews, la grammaire descriptive est une approche linguistique qui décrit la langue telle qu'elle est utilisée, par opposition à la grammaire prescriptive qui détermine comment la langue devrait être.
Syntagmatic analysis
In semiotics, syntagmatic analysis is analysis of syntax or surface structure (syntagmatic structure) as opposed to paradigms (paradigmatic analysis). This is often achieved using commutation tests. "Syntagmatic" means that one element selects the other element either to precede it or to follow it. For example, the definitive article "the" selects a noun and not a verb. Of particular use in semiotic study, a syntagm is a chain which leads, through syntagmatic analysis, to an understanding of how a sequence of events forms a narrative.
Langue and parole
Langue and parole is a theoretical linguistic dichotomy distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics. The French term langue ('[an individual] language') encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system; it is independent of, and pre-exists, the individual user. It involves the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, or parole, would be possible.
Systemic functional linguistics
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics, among functional linguistics, that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was devised by Michael Halliday, who took the notion of system from J. R. Firth, his teacher (Halliday, 1961). Firth proposed that systems refer to possibilities subordinated to structure; Halliday "liberated" choice from structure and made it the central organising dimension of SFL.
Markedness
In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked; the other, secondary one is marked. In other words, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.
Meaning (semiotics)
In semiotics, the study of sign processes (semiosis), the meaning of a sign is its place in a sign relation, in other words, the set of roles that the sign occupies within a given sign relation. This statement holds whether sign is taken to mean a sign type or a sign token. Defined in these global terms, the meaning of a sign is not in general analyzable with full exactness into completely localized terms, but aspects of its meaning can be given approximate analyses, and special cases of sign relations frequently admit of more local analyses.