Louis BachelierLouis Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Bachelier est un mathématicien français, précurseur de la théorie moderne des probabilités, et fondateur des mathématiques financières né le au Havre et mort le à Saint-Servan-sur-Mer. Dans sa thèse de doctorat intitulée « Théorie de la spéculation », de son directeur de thèse Henri Poincaré, soutenue le à la Sorbonne de Paris, il introduit l'utilisation en finance du mouvement brownien (découvert par le biologiste botaniste Robert Brown), qui est à la base de la plupart des modèles de prix en finance, notamment la formule de Black-Scholes (1973).
Alternative investmentAn alternative investment, also known as an alternative asset or alternative investment fund (AIF), is an investment in any asset class excluding stocks, bonds, and cash. The term is a relatively loose one and includes tangible assets such as precious metals, collectibles (art, wine, antiques, vintage cars, coins, musical instruments, or stamps) and some financial assets such as real estate, commodities, private equity, distressed securities, hedge funds, exchange funds, carbon credits, venture capital, film production, financial derivatives, cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens, and Tax Receivable Agreements.
Quantitative behavioral financeQuantitative behavioral finance is a new discipline that uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation. The research can be grouped into the following areas: Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories. Modeling using the concepts of behavioral effects together with the non-classical assumption of the finiteness of assets. Forecasting based on these methods. Studies of experimental asset markets and use of models to forecast experiments.
Single-stock futuresIn finance, a single-stock future (SSF) is a type of futures contract between two parties to exchange a specified number of stocks in a company for a price agreed today (the futures price or the strike price) with delivery occurring at a specified future date, the delivery date. The contracts can be later traded on a futures exchange. The party agreeing to take delivery of the underlying stock in the future, the "buyer" of the contract, is said to be "long", and the party agreeing to deliver the stock in the future, the "seller" of the contract, is said to be "short".
Agent de changeUn agent de change (ou courtier en valeurs mobilières) exerce la fonction de négociation de valeurs mobilières et d'instruments financiers, avec des règlementations et des périmètres de compétence variables selon les pays et les époques. En droit québécois, les courtiers en valeurs mobilières sont régis par la Loi sur les valeurs mobilières et ses règlements connexes (par ex. le règlement 45-106 sur les dispenses de prospectus), qui constituent les principaux textes législatifs concernant le droit des valeurs mobilières.
Index (economics)In statistics, economics, and finance, an index is a statistical measure of change in a representative group of individual data points. These data may be derived from any number of sources, including company performance, prices, productivity, and employment. Economic indices track economic health from different perspectives. Examples include the consumer price index, which measures changes in retail prices paid by consumers, and the cost-of-living index (COLI), which measures the relative cost of living over time.
T-modelIn finance, the T-model is a formula that states the returns earned by holders of a company's stock in terms of accounting variables obtainable from its financial statements. The T-model connects fundamentals with investment return, allowing an analyst to make projections of financial performance and turn those projections into a required return that can be used in investment selection.
Model riskIn finance, model risk is the risk of loss resulting from using insufficiently accurate models to make decisions, originally and frequently in the context of valuing financial securities. However, model risk is more and more prevalent in activities other than financial securities valuation, such as assigning consumer credit scores, real-time probability prediction of fraudulent credit card transactions, and computing the probability of air flight passenger being a terrorist.
Forward Rate AgreementUn forward rate agreement ou FRA (en français, accord à taux futur ou ATF) est un produit dérivé utilisé sur le marché monétaire. Il s'agit d'un contrat forward, négocié de gré à gré entre deux contreparties et dont l'objectif est la fixation dès aujourd'hui d'un taux in fine de référence convenu sur un principal donné, pendant une période future spécifiée. Ce taux est calculé et publié par une tierce partie, qui ne sera connu qu'à une date future.
Two-moment decision modelIn decision theory, economics, and finance, a two-moment decision model is a model that describes or prescribes the process of making decisions in a context in which the decision-maker is faced with random variables whose realizations cannot be known in advance, and in which choices are made based on knowledge of two moments of those random variables. The two moments are almost always the mean—that is, the expected value, which is the first moment about zero—and the variance, which is the second moment about the mean (or the standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance).
