Révolution française

Résumé

La Révolution française (1789-1799) est une période de bouleversements politiques et sociaux en France et dans ses colonies, ainsi qu'en Europe à la fin du . Traditionnellement, on la fait commencer à l'ouverture des États généraux le et finir au coup d'État de Napoléon Bonaparte le . En ce qui concerne l'histoire de France, elle met fin à l'Ancien Régime, notamment à la monarchie absolue remplacée par la monarchie constitutionnelle (1789-1792), puis par la Première République. « Mythe national », la Révolution française a légué de nouvelles formes politiques, notamment au travers de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 qui proclame l'égalité des citoyens devant la loi, les libertés fondamentales et la souveraineté de la Nation, se constituant autour d'un État. Elle a entraîné la suppression de la société d'ordres, de la féodalité et des privilèges, une plus grande division de la propriété foncière, la limitation de l'exercice du pouvoir politique, le rééquili

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise

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Nouvelles polarités suburbaines

Arnaud Nicolas Thuillard

Les changements profonds opérés au cours des cinquante dernières années, ainsi que les progrès technologiques réalisés, ont bouleversé notre rapport au monde et permis à l'individu d'organiser sa vie librement. On constate que les modèles familiaux ont évolué et se sont diversifiés, tout comme le rapport au travail, qui a pris des formes diverses et variées. Les transformations ont par ailleurs conduit l'individu à entretenir une relation différente avec le territoire, en particulier dans la manière qu'il a de le parcourir. Relatif à cela, l'environnement bâti tente continuellement de s'adapter à ces nouveaux modes de vie et propose des solutions toujours plus flexibles et adaptables. Dans le contexte actuel, la ville de Lausanne trouve son développement futur dans les zones suburbaines qui sont encore trop peu considérées pour leur réel potentiel. Dotées d'espaces généreux entre ville et campagne, d'une grande diversité de morphologies bâties et d'une accessibilité multimodale remarquable, les zones suburbaines sont les territoires dédiés à ces nouvelles manières d'habiter qu'il s'agit de conquérir. C'est dans la proposition d'une nouvelle pièce urbaine sur l'ancien site de la briqueterie à Crissier que les propos évoqués plus haut trouvent leur illustration. L'insertion d'un ensemble bâti entre des séquences forestière et agricole, sur un ancien site industrialisé, confère au lieu des qualités contextuelles et historiques remarquables. La diversité des espaces publics et privés est rendue possible grâce à la variation morphologique du bâti et de son orientation.

2015

Chargement

[Context] With the expansion of services and service science, service systems have become an important abstraction for the service revolution. Service is defined as the application of resources (including competences, skills, and knowledge) to make changes that have value for another (system). The service system is a configuration of people, technologies, and other resources that interact with other service systems to create mutual value. Many systems can be viewed as service systems, including families, cities, and companies, among many others. Therefore, services became very important for unifying concepts from various disciplines. Service specifications are used to represent service systems on different levels of abstraction: from business down to IT. [Motivation and Problem] Traditionally, high-level service specifications are used only for communication among different participants, to catalyze the discussions between them; but only the specifications modeling IT systems have enough details to be simulated and executed. As a consequence, it becomes difficult to create precise high-level specifications and make sure that the implemented services are those that correspond to the business needs, potentially leading to severe project problems. Therefore, the challenge is to create abstract, yet precise service specifications, while keeping the relation between specifications at different levels of abstraction. [Idea and Results] In this work, we use formal methods and code generation techniques to create service-prototypes from service specifications at any level of abstraction, keeping the relations between different specifications. Stakeholders can try out the prototypes and give feedback regarding services that are being provided. This way, prototypes are used to validate the specifications and detect inconsistencies and unexpected behavior. [Contribution] The contributions of our work are threefold. First, we provide the visual formalism for service specification and simulation, by adding the necessary concepts to the existing method SEAM. Second, we define two design spirals: for service specification and for service validation and verification. The service specification spiral enables us to keep the relation between several service specifications. It includes steps with explicit design decisions on how to refine high-level specifications in order to include all the details necessary for providing the identified services. The validation and verification spiral is used to validate and verify specifications at any level of abstraction. Finally, it provides an environment that enables the simulation and prototyping of service specifications that are then used for their validation and verification. [Relevance] In addition to the theoretical contribution to the knowledge base of service design, we also provide the tools and guidelines that help business and IT analysts create and validate the service model, as confirmed by a survey conducted with practitioners. We illustrate the application of this work with a case study based on a consulting project we conducted at EPFL.

EPFL2015

Chargement

New Methods for the Integrative Dynamic Modeling of Biomolecular Structures

Sylvain Träger

The true understanding of most cellular functions is only really achievable through the structural determination of their underlying macromolecular assemblies. However, their size, large number of individual components and metastable states make their elucidation by canonical structural biology techniques a vain effort in many situations. As a result, integrative approaches have been in high demand in the recent years. By combining any available data, both computational and experimental, integrative or hybrid modeling strategies have been able to tackle biomolecular structures otherwise intractable by any singular method alone. Over the past decade, structural biology has undergone a significant revolution in the form of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). With more than 12.000 models of biomolecular structures under its name, cryo-EM however still struggles to approach larger, flexible assemblies at atomic resolution. Instead, such assemblies now routinely fall in an intermediate resolution range, opening new avenues for the development of hybrid approaches primarily based on cryo-EM data. However, the large degrees of flexibility of such assemblies imposes the inclusion of dynamics in the modeling process. Unfortunately, this only makes the already challenging task of defining a scoring function even more difficult. In general, current integrative strategies are thus unable to approach flexible assemblies in a reliable manner. To tackle these issues, two new methods made available to the community are presented in this thesis in addition to their applications to a variety of systems. A new clustering analysis tool, CLoNe, is first introduced. As a significant upgrade to the recent Density Peaks algorithm, we show that CLoNe rivals and outperforms many state-of-the-art algorithms even beyond structural biology. Then, we show how CLoNe is able to extract a variety of information from structural ensembles in general or reduce large ensembles to key components, enabling their successful integration into hybrid modeling approaches. Second, the MaD software is presented. Taking inspiration from traditional computer vision concepts and methods, MaD bypasses the need of a traditional scoring function through the generation of local macromolecular feature descriptors. MaD takes full advantage of the ongoing cryo-EM resolution revolution by integrating local structural information from both cryo-EM data and existing atomic structures. Specifically, MaD is able to predict the quaternary structure of large assemblies regardless of symmetry and conformational variability. Finally, the MaD-CLoNe combination enabled the modeling of molecular chaperones with unprecedented ease. Chaperonins are of crucial importance to ensure proper protein folding and proteostasis. Perturbation of these processes are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In the specific case of the group II chaperonin Mm-Cpn, the use of MaD-CLoNe along with molecular dynamics simulations uncovered new structural models and insight into the chaperonin's functional pathway.

EPFL2021

Chargement

New Methods for the Integrative Dynamic Modeling of Biomolecular Structures

Sylvain Träger

EPFL2021

EPFL2015