Hyaline cartilage

Summary

Hyaline cartilage is the glass-like (hyaline) and translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is also most commonly found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea. Hyaline cartilage is pearl-gray in color, with a firm consistency and has a considerable amount of collagen. It contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. Structure Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane known as the perichondrium or, when it's along articulating surfaces, the synovial membrane. This membrane contains vessels that provide the cartilage with nutrition through diffusion. Hyaline cartilage matrix is primarily made of type II collagen and chondroitin sulphate, both of which are also found in elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilage exists on the sternal ends of the ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the articulating surfaces of bones. It gives the structures a definite but pliable form. The presence of collagen fibres makes

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage

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Biofunctional polymer nanoparticles for intra-articular targeting and retention in cartilage

Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, Dominique André Rothenfluh

The extracellular matrix of dense, avascular tissues presents a barrier to entry for polymer-based therapeutics, such as drugs encapsulated within polymeric particles. Here, we present an approach by which polymer nanoparticles, suffciently small to enter the matrix of the targeted tissue, here articular cartilage, are further modified with a biomolecular ligand for matrix binding. This combination of ultrasmall size and biomolecular binding converts the matrix from a barrier into a reservoir, resisting rapid release of the nanoparticles and clearance from the tissue site. Phage display of a peptide library was used to discover appropriate targeting ligands by biopanning on denuded cartilage. The ligand WYRGRL was selected in 94 of 96 clones sequenced after five rounds of biopanning and was demonstrated to bind to collagen II alpha 1. Peptide-functionalized nanoparticles targeted articular cartilage up to 72-fold more than nanoparticles displaying a scrambled peptide sequence following intra-articular injection in the mouse.

Nature Publishing Group2008

Investigation of Integrin Expression in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Chondrogenesis in Different Culture Systems

Amanda Verpoorte

Cartilage tissue engineering aims to develop a material that can be implanted with cells to repair damage in articular cartilage. The extracellular matrix is known to play a key role in regulating stem cell behaviour via cell-matrix interactions and integrins are major cell adhesion receptors that act as intermediates between cells and their surrounding matrix. Integrin-mediated signalling is known to be important in chondrocytes and to drive chondrogenesis. In our study, we investigated integrin expression during chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) between three different high density 3D culture methods: pellet culture, micromass culture and collagen type II 3D hydrogels. Integrins are [alpha][beta] heterodimeric transmembrane proteins, so we quantified the mRNA expression of every alpha and beta subunit using quantitative polymerase chain reaction over a period of 21 days. In all culture methods, alpha and beta integrin subunits were down-regulated in hMSCs undergoing chondrogenesis compared to the same cells in growth medium, with the exception for integrin subunits [alpha]11 and [alpha]V which were upregulated in cells undergoing chondrogenesis . Moreover, similar transcript expression was identified irrespective of the culture system for the alpha subunits related to collagen-binding integrins, while the expression of fibronectin- and laminin-binding receptors was greatly variable and dependent on the culture method. In conclusion, this work has led to an increased understanding of the expression of integrins in hMSCs and during chondrogenesis. This knowledge can be used to design materials that present the ligands for these integrins to further improve cartilage tissue engineering.

2011

Polypeptide ligands for targeting cartilage and methods of use thereof

Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, Dominique André Rothenfluh

Ligands that specifically bind to articular cartilage tissues are disclosed, including uses for targeting therapeutics towards articular cartilage tissue and new materials for articular cartilage. The ligands are effective in vivo to target therapeutic materials to articular cartilage.

2008