Concept
Théorie des vagues
Concepts associés (16)
Language convergence
Language convergence is a type of linguistic change in which languages come to resemble one another structurally as a result of prolonged language contact and mutual interference, regardless of whether those languages belong to the same language family, i.e. stem from a common genealogical proto-language. In contrast to other contact-induced language changes like creolization or the formation of mixed languages, convergence refers to a mutual process that results in changes in all the languages involved.
Linkage (linguistics)
In historical linguistics, a linkage is a network of related dialects or languages that formed from a gradual diffusion and differentiation of a proto-language. The term was introduced by Malcolm Ross in his study of Western Oceanic languages . It is contrasted with a family, which arises when the proto-language speech community separates into groups that remain isolated from each other and do not form a network. Linkages are formed when languages emerged historically from the diversification of an earlier dialect continuum.
Tree model
In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species. As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or "mother" language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family.
Genetic relationship (linguistics)
Two languages have a genetic relationship, and belong to the same language family, if both are descended from a common ancestor through the process of language change, or one is descended from the other. The term and the process of language evolution are independent of, and not reliant on, the terminology, understanding, and theories related to genetics in the biological sense, so, to avoid confusion, some linguists prefer the term genealogical relationship.
Proto-langue
En linguistique historique, une proto-langue est une langue le plus souvent non attestée mais parfois attestée (par exemple le latin), dont a évolué un groupe de langues apparentées. Dans ce sens, on parle de langues comme le proto-indo-européen, le proto-slave, le proto-germanique, etc. On appelle parfois « langue commune » une telle langue, ex. slave commun, germanique commun.
Areal feature
In geolinguistics, areal features are elements shared by languages or dialects in a geographic area, particularly when such features are not descended from a proto-language, or, common ancestor language. That is, an areal feature is contrasted to lingual-genealogically determined similarity within the same language family. Features may diffuse from one dominant language to neighbouring languages (see "sprachbund"). Genetic relationships are represented in the family tree model of language change, and areal relationships are represented in the wave model.
Langues créoles
En linguistique, une langue créole (creole ; criollo ; crioulo) est une langue qui est devenue native dans une société, mais qui descend à l'origine d'un pidgin. Un créole est une langue aussi complexe et aussi riche que n’importe quelle autre langue native. En revanche, un pidgin est une langue simplifiée, pauvre et relativement instable qui sert à faciliter la communication entre des populations différentes. Le pidgin se transforme en créole à partir du moment où il est parlé de manière native et permanente par une population.
Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language.
Changement linguistique
L'expression changement linguistique désigne la modification continue dans le temps des éléments et des structures de tous les domaines d’une langue. Il y a deux grandes catégories : des changements internes à une langue donnée et des changements externes. Les changements consistent en transformations, en ajouts et en éliminations d’éléments et de structures. Le changement linguistique est étudié par la linguistique historique, qui étudie la formation et l’évolution des langues en tant que processus qui se déroulent par des changements.
Famille de langues
Une famille de langues est un ensemble de langues apparentées qui ont évolué par transmission de génération en génération de locuteurs à partir d'une langue ancestrale commune. On parle de parenté généalogique ou génétique pour désigner ce type de relation ; le terme n'implique pas de parenté biologique entre les locuteurs des langues en question. La notion repose sur une analogie de l'évolution des langues avec celle des organismes vivants, selon le modèle de l'arbre généalogique.