Glacier

Résumé

vignette|Le glacier d'Aletsch (Suisse), le plus grand glacier des Alpes. vignette|Le glacier Briksdal, en Norvège. vignette|Front du glacier Hubbard, en Alaska. Un glacier est une masse de glace plus ou moins étendue qui se forme par le tassement de couches de neige accumulées. Écrasée sous son propre poids, la neige expulse progressivement l'air qu'elle contient, se soude en une masse compacte et se transforme en glace. Le domaine de plasticité de la glace étant particulièrement étendu, un glacier s'écoule lentement sous l'effet de la gravité le long d'une pente ou par fluage. « Glacier » est un terme francoprovençal que l'on rencontre dès le en Valais et qui dérive du latin populaire *glaciariu(m), du latin tardif glacia, du latin classique glacies (« glace », « glaçon »). À partir du milieu du , en France, on le préfère au terme « glacière » qui était alors utilisé. On compte sur Terre environ . Ils représentent 60 à 70 % des eaux douces de la planète, et constituent également

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier

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Modeling the breaking-off of icebergs from tidewater glaciers

Qimin Wang

Ice calving is the breakaway process of icebergs which plays an important role in the dy- namics and the mass balance of ice sheets. Our project is to use Akantu (An open source object-oriented Finite Element library by LSMS) to reproduce the fracturing stages of the Bowdoin glacier in Greenland. Studies were first made on the mechanisms of ice calving and the provided data, to extract the key factors for our simulation. The HPC (high performance computing) simulation model was built by Python scripts, including preprocessing mesh file, applying arbitrary loading profiles, defining boundary conditions and initial conditions, pass- ing message through the simulation process, etc. The simulation scheme has been modified to better analysis the impact of water pressure and velocity field. Simulation acceleration was also implemented by amplifying the velocity field, so that the damage initiation and propagation could be explored faster. Some preliminary results about the relationship of system energy and damage propagation was analyzed. In the end, we proposed some study direction for the future researchers on the similar subject.

2019

Chargement

Towards implementing new isotopes for environmental research:Redetermination of the 32Si half-life

Mario Aaron Veicht

The predicted climate changes on Earth will significantly impact the environment and human society. The climate patterns observed during the past centuries led to a better understanding of the driving forces for such changes. However, more studies using new, innovative techniques are necessary to broaden the knowledge on the involved processes and accomplish a reliable scientific basis for decision-makers.On this subject, radiometric dating is a well-established contemporary technique whereby various time periods (from a few years to millions of years) can be covered with this method. Notably, a dating gap exists so that the period from 100 to 1000 years (before today) is currently not covered. However, this period is of great interest, as it allows for studying and understanding environmental processes such as glacier dynamics, ocean, and atmospheric circulation. Interestingly, a potential nuclide that could fill this dating gap is available: Silicon-32 (Si-32). The problem, however, is the currently very inaccurately determined T1/2 of around 150 years so that a use for radiometric dating is hindered.Hence, the aim of the SNSF-funded SINCHRON (Si-32: a new chronometer) project, and therefore the primary goal of this thesis, concerns the re-determination of the Si-32 half-life. Previous half-life determinations were limited to using samples with low activities. To overcome the issue with the small amounts, Si-32 was artificially produced at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). Subsequently, an innovative wet chemical separation system was developed to allow for the selective removal of Si-32 from an irradiated vanadium matrix. As a result, 20 mL of an ultra-pure Si-32 solution could be produced, fulfilling the desired parameters related to the half-life re-determination.Within the framework of this work, the determination of the half-life via the direct method was applied; i.e., both the determination of the number of atoms (N), in combination with the activity (A), are required. Within the SINCHRON-collaboration, several independent measurements were performed between various multinational metrological institutes. Based on the different requirements, the Si-32 solution was manufactured accordingly: (I) the solution's activity concentration was confirmed to be greater than 100 kBq/g, (II) a chemically very stable Si species was chosen, and (III) ultra-traces of S-32 were removed. Besides, (IV) solid samples for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) could be prepared from the stock solution, too. As a result, we are getting close to providing a new, recommended value with low uncertainty (less than 5%). Within the scope of this work, a preliminary T1/2 for Si-32 of 125 +/- 5 years has been determined. Additionally, we studied vanadium as a target material and determined the production cross-sections of Ti-44, Ca-41, and Al-26. These radionuclides are produced as by-products during the irradiation process. For the latter two nuclides, the presented data describe the very first experimental determination of the cross-section for vanadium as a target. In this context, two independent gamma spectrometric measurement systems were used for the activity determination of Ti-44, and no prior chemical separation of Ti-44 from the matrix was required. Contrarily, Ca-41 and Al-26 were successfully separated using a selective and robust chromatographic wet chemical separation scheme. The activity of these nuclides could then be determined using AMS.

EPFL2022

Chargement

The question addressed is the determination of a glacier’s subglacial topography, given surface topography and mass-balance data. The input data can be obtained relatively easily for a large number of glaciers. Several methods essentially based on the shallow ice approximation are proposed, some of which are extended to Stokes ice flows. Two gradient-free, iterative methods are first introduced, namely the quasi-stationary inverse method, that relies on the apparent surface mass-balance description of glacier dynamics, and the transient inverse method, consisting in the iterative update of the bedrock topography proportionally to the surface topography misfit at the end of the glacier’s considered evolution. Then, an optimal control algorithm is suggested that calculates the bedrock topography and some model parameters from surface observations through the minimization of a regularized misfit functional by means of a Lagrangian method. Numerical validations, along with sensitivity analyses and applications to real-world data are presented for each method.

EPFL2013

Chargement

Towards implementing new isotopes for environmental research:Redetermination of the 32Si half-life

Mario Aaron Veicht

EPFL2022