Buddhist logico-epistemology is a term used in Western scholarship to describe Buddhist systems of (doctrine of proof) and hetu-vidya (science of causes). is an epistemological study of the nature of knowledge; Hetu-vidya is a system of logic. These models developed in India during the 5th through 7th centuries.
The early Buddhist texts show that the historical Buddha was familiar with certain rules of reasoning used for debating purposes and made use of these against his opponents. He also seems to have held certain ideas about epistemology and reasoning, though he did not put forth a logico-epistemological system. The structure of debating rules and processes can be seen in the early Theravada text the Kathāvatthu.
The first Buddhist thinker to discuss logical and epistemic issues systematically was Vasubandhu in his Vāda-vidhi ("A Method for Argumentation"), who was influenced by the Hindu work on reasoning, the Nyāya-sūtra.
A mature system of Buddhist logic and epistemology was founded by the Buddhist scholar Dignāga (480–540 CE) in his magnum opus, the Pramāṇa-samuccaya. Dharmakirti further developed this system with several innovations. Dharmakirti's Pramanavarttika ("Commentary on Valid Cognition") became the main source of epistemology and reasoning in Tibetan Buddhism.
Scholars such as H.N. Randle and Fyodor Shcherbatskoy (1930s) initially employed terms such as “Indian Logic” and “Buddhist Logic” to refer to the Indian tradition of inference (anumāna), epistemology (pramana), and "science of causes" (hetu-vidyā). This tradition developed in the orthodox Hindu tradition known as Nyaya as well as in Buddhist philosophy. Logic in classical India, writes Bimal Krishna Matilal, is "the systematic study of informal inference-patterns, the rules of debate, the identification of sound inference vis-à-vis sophistical argument, and similar topics". As Matilal notes, this tradition developed out systematic debate theory (vadavidyā):
Logic as the study of the form of correct arguments and inference patterns, developed in India from the methodology of philosophical debate.
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Le Nyāya sūtra ou Nyāyasūtra est l'un des textes importants de l'école de philosophie indienne āstika ou hindoue connue sous le nom de nyāya. Celui-ci, qui traite de logique et de catégories, a été composé par Akṣapāda Gautama dans le courant du de notre ère (les dates varient en fait entre 200 et 450). Ce texte se compose de cinq livres comportant chacun deux chapitres. Le Nyāya sūtra compte cinq cent trente-deux ou cinq cent vingt-huit (selon les commentateurs) aphorismes (sūtra).
The development of Indian logic dates back to the anviksiki of Medhatithi Gautama (c. 6th century BCE); the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini (c. 5th century BCE); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism (c. 6th century BCE to 2nd century BCE); the analysis of inference by Gotama (c. 6th century BC to 2nd century CE), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy; and the tetralemma of Nagarjuna (c. 2nd century CE). Indian logic stands as one of the three original traditions of logic, alongside the Greek and the Chinese logic.
Shantarakshita (शान्तरक्षित, IAST : śāntarakṣita, « protecteur de la paix » ; (), né à Rewalsar, dans l'actuel état d'Himachal Pradesh, en Inde en 725 et décédé en 788, est un moine de Nalanda renommé pour sa synthèse des pensées yogacara et madhyamika exposée dans le Madhyamakalamkara (« Ornement de la voie moyenne »). L'empereur Trisong Detsen invita Shantarakshita à se rendre au Tibet depuis le Népal entre 761 et 767 pour y propager le bouddhisme.