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Concept

Composé organochloré

Un composé organochloré est un composé organique de synthèse, comportant au moins un atome de chlore et utilisé comme solvant, pesticide, insecticide, fongicide ou fluide frigorigène ou molécules intermédiaires de synthèse en chimie et pharmacie. Les plus connus sont les pesticides (DDT, aldrine, chlordécone, dieldrine, chlordane, heptachlore, , mirex, toxaphène, lindane), les PCB et les dioxines, le sucralose. Composés naturels et artificiels Les organochlorés les plus lourds, stables et complexes sont produits par l'industrie chimique ou issus de l'incinération de produits issus de cette industrie. Mais les organismes vivants ou des processus naturels en produisent aussi ; certaines dioxines sont produites par les incendies de forêt et on en a trouvé dans des cendres issues d'orages datant d'avant la production de dioxines synthétiques. La plupart sont produits par des bactéries (qui peuvent les transmettre à l'homme, dans l'intestin notamment). Des composés or

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ENV-200: Environmental chemistry

This course provides students with an overview over the basics of environmental chemistry. This includes the chemistry of natural systems, as well as the fate of anthropogenic chemicals in natural systems. It enables students to apply general chemical concepts to natural systems.

CH-112: Organic chemistry

L'objectif de ce cours est de fournir les connaissances et le moyen de comprendre, au niveau moléculaire, le fonctionnement des réactions chimiques organiques. Pendant le cours, l'étudiant réfléchira et résoudra de nouveaux problèmes.

ENV-202: Microbiology for engineers

Le cours "Microbiologie pour l'ingénieur" couvre les processus microbiens principaux qui ont lieu dans l'environnement et dans des systèmes de traitement. Il présente les cycles des éléments qui sont catalysés par des microorganismes et qui ont un impact important sur la planète Terre.

Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides with multi-class pesticide residues analysis in human hairs using a modified QuEChERS extraction method, case study of gardening areas in Burkina Faso

Luiz Felippe De Alencastro, Edouard René Gilbert Lehmann, Jean-Jacques Stéphane Nfon Dibie, Christelle Oltramare

Pesticides have been proved to potentially cause multiple adverse health effects. The present study is part of a global project focusing on pesticides impacts on the environment and human health in gardening in Burkina Faso. In absence of existing monitoring, the present study aims at proposing a comprehensive indicator of occupational exposure to 48 pesticides identified during field campaigns. As a noninvasive and safe indicator of long term exposure, increasing interest is being observed in hair analysis for biomonitoring of human exposure to pesticides. In order to dissociate occupational and environmental exposure in the study area, two study populations have been randomly selected: fifty gardeners (operators) and fifty non users (reference population). The Ethics Committee of the Burkina Faso approved this study and written informed consent was obtained from all donors. Multiresidue extraction procedure using a modified QuEChERS extraction method has been developed and applied to the collected samples. Briefly, hairs were cut on the posterior of the head, subsequently cut in small pieces and spiked with appropriate 13C- or deuterated surrogates. After overnight incubation, they were extracted in acetonitrile, cleaned-up by Dispersive SPE (dSPE), concentrated and separated prior analysis on GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Each sample was accompanied by a questionnaire on hair care practices. Different incubation, extraction methods and dSPE sorbents have been tested (temperature, type, volume, etc.). The best method was found to be a modified AOAC 2007.01 QuEChERS procedure, including 12h incubation at 37°C followed by dSPE clean-up with Supelco Z-sep/C18® sorbent. The substances detected in collected samples include pesticides commonly used in the study area such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cypermethrin, profenofos but also dieldrin a banned persistent organochlorine. These pesticides were detected in hairs of the gardeners but also in the samples of the reference population indicating the occurrence of passive contamination. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of sample preparation, extraction and clean-up procedure for multi-class pesticide residues analysis in human hairs. The modified QuEChERS extraction procedure proposed offers a simple and robust tool suitable to developing countries for monitoring human exposure and evaluation of compliance with policies. The study design, including comparison between reference and operators populations allowed to dissociate the influence of environmental exposure and direct occupational exposure. Results indicate that potential carcinogen, endocrine disruptor, neurotoxic and persistent pesticides have been detected in collected hairs.

2016

Chargement

Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants contamination in river, estuary, and marine sediments from Atlantic Coast of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Florian Frédéric Vincent Breider, Dominique Grandjean

The pollution assessment and the evaluation of potential risks in the Atlantic Coastal Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are still very limited. Consequently, the present study investigates for the first time the concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) in river, estuary, and marine sediments from this area. The results highlighted high concentrations of Cr, Zn, As, and Pb exceeding the probable effect level (PEL) on aquatic life. Zn was the most dominant element detected at a range of 180–480 mg kg−1 in marine sediment, 132–382 mg kg−1 in estuary sediment, and 121–687 mg kg−1 in river sediment. Total PCBs (∑7 × 4.3) ranged from 1995 to 20,156 μg kg−1, 2013–12,058 μg kg−1, and 1861–36,417 μg kg−1 in marine, estuary, and river sediments, respectively. Total PCBs (∑7 × 4.3) were above PEL for all sediments, suggesting potential adverse effects on benthic organisms. The OCP, PBDE, and PAH levels were low to moderate for all sediments. Taking into consideration, the concentrations of Zn, Pb, PCBs, and DDTs, probable environmental risks, are present.

Springer2020

Chargement

Occurrence of organic micropollutants and human health risk assessment based on consumption of Amaranthus viridis, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Florian Frédéric Vincent Breider, Dominique Grandjean

The contamination of water resource and food chain by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes a major environmental and human health concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of POPs in irrigation water, soil and in Amaranthus viridis (A. viridis) from different gardening sites in Kinshasa to evaluate the potential environmental and human health risks. A survey study for the use of pesticides and fertilizers was carried out with 740 market gardeners. The levels of POPs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) were analyzed in irrigation water and 144 vegetable samples collected from different gardening sites. The assessment of potential human health risk was estimated by calculating daily intake and toxic equivalency to quantify the carcinogenicity. The results show highest PAH levels in A. viridis from all studied sites. The concentrations of the sum of seven PCBs (Σ7PCBS) congeners in analyzed plants ranged between 15.89 and 401.36 ng g−1. The distributions of OCPs in both water and A. viridis were congener specific, chlorpyrifos-ethyl and p,p′-DDE were predominantly detected. Among PBDEs, only BDE47 was quantified with noticeable concentration in A. viridis, while no PBDEs were detected in irrigation water. Higher estimated daily intake values indicate that consuming leafy vegetables might associate with increased human health risks. However, calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk values indicates no potential carcinogenic risk for the local population. The results of this study provide important information on A. viridis contamination by POPs and strongly recommend implementing the appropriate measures to control the use of chemicals used in studied gardening areas. Thus in Kinshasa, urban agriculture control programs for POPs and fertilizers is very important in order to protect the public health through direct and dietary exposure pathways.

2020

Chargement

Chlore

Le chlore est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 17, de symbole Cl. C'est le plus commun des halogènes. Le chlore est abondant dans la nature, son dérivé le plus important est le sel de table ou

Halogénoalcane

Les halogénoalcanes ou halogénures d'alkyle sont une sous famille des hydrocarbures halogénés ; ce sont les dérivés halogénés des alcanes. Parmi eux, on trouve notamment les CFC (chlorofluorocarbures)

Polluant organique persistant

vignette|En 1958, le programme national d'éradication du paludisme des États-Unis a utilisé une approche entièrement nouvelle mettant en œuvre le DDT pour la pulvérisation des moustiques. Le DDT, déve