Grande-Bretagne

La Grande-Bretagne (Great Britain ou plus rarement Britain, Prydain Fawr, Great Breetain, Breten Veur, Breatainn Mhòr, en breton : Breizh-Veur) est une île au large du littoral nord-ouest de l'Europe continentale. Elle représente la majorité du territoire du Royaume-Uni. En son acception politique, ce toponyme désigne l'Angleterre, le pays de Galles et l'Écosse ainsi que la plupart des territoires insulaires contigus à l'exclusion de l'Île de Man et des Îles Anglo-Normandes. Située à la jonction de l'Atlantique et de la mer du Nord, elle est séparée de l'Irlande par la mer d'Irlande et du continent par la Manche. C'est la plus grande île et la plus peuplée du continent européen. Terminologie vignette|gauche|Terminologie des îles britanniques. Toponymie La première occurrence de l'association des mots « Grande » et « Bretagne » pour désigner les îles britanniques se trouve en grec ancien, notamment utilisée par Ptolémée pour faire la distinction entre la Gran

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Common Mechanisms for Calorie Restriction and AC5 Knockout Models of Longevity

Johan Auwerx

Adenylyl cyclase type 5 knockout mice (AC5 KO) live longer and are stress resistant, similar to calorie restriction (CR). AC5 KO mice eat more, but actually weigh less and accumulate less fat compared to WT mice. CR applied to AC5 KO result in rapid decrease in body weight, metabolic deterioration and death. These data suggest that despite restricted food intake in CR, but augmented food intake in AC5 KO, the two models affect longevity and metabolism similarly. To determine shared molecular mechanisms, mRNA expression was examined genome-wide for brain, heart, skeletal muscle and liver. Significantly more genes were regulated commonly rather than oppositely in all the tissues in both models, indicating commonality between AC5 KO and CR. Gene Ontology analysis identified many significantly regulated, tissue-specific pathways shared by the two models, including sensory perception in heart and brain, muscle function in skeletal muscle, and lipid metabolism in liver. Moreover, when comparing gene expression changes in the heart under stress, the glutathione regulatory pathway was consistently upregulated in the longevity models but downregulated with stress. In addition, AC5 and CR shared changes in genes and proteins involved in the regulation of longevity and stress resistance, including Sirt1, ApoD and olfactory receptors in both young and intermediate age mice. Thus, the similarly regulated genes and pathways in AC5 KO and CR, particularly related to the metabolic phenotype, suggest a unified theory for longevity and stress resistance © 2012 The Authors Aging Cell © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Wiley-Blackwell2012

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Intraductal patient-derived xenografts of estrogen receptor α-positive breast cancer recapitulate the histopathological spectrum and metastatic potential of human lesions

Patrik Aouad, Ayyakkannu Ayyanan, Laura Battista, Cathrin Brisken, Valérian Charles Robert Dormoy, Maryse Fiche, Valentina Scabia, Georgios Sflomos

Estrogen receptor α-positive (ER-positive) or 'luminal' breast cancers were notoriously difficult to establish as patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We and others recently demonstrated that the microenvironment is critical for ER-positive tumor cells; when grafted as single cells into milk ducts of NOD Scid gamma females, >90% of ER-positive tumors can be established as xenografts and recapitulate many features of the human disease in vivo. This intraductal approach holds promise for personalized medicine, yet human and murine stroma are organized differently and this and other species specificities may limit the value of this model. Here, we analyzed 21 ER-positive intraductal PDXs histopathologically. We found that intraductal PDXs vary in extent and define four histopathological patterns: flat, lobular, in situ and invasive, which occur in pure and combined forms. The intraductal PDXs replicate earlier stages of tumor development than their clinical counterparts. Micrometastases are already detected when lesions appear in situ. Tumor extent, histopathological patterns and micrometastatic load correlate with biological properties of their tumors of origin. Our findings add evidence to the validity of the intraductal model for in vivo studies of ER-positive breast cancer and raise the intriguing possibility that tumor cell dissemination may occur earlier than currently thought. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

2018

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Biology and therapeutic targeting of tumour-associated macrophages

Tim Beltraminelli, Michele De Palma

Macrophages sustain tumour progression by facilitating angiogenesis, promoting immunosuppression, and enhancing cancer cell invasion and metastasis. They also modulate tumour response to anti-cancer therapy in pre-clinical models. This knowledge has motivated the development of agents that target tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), some of which have been investigated in early clinical trials. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the biology and therapeutic targeting of TAMs, highlighting opportunities, setbacks, and new challenges that have emerged after a decade of intense translational and clinical research into these multifaceted immune cells. (c) 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

WILEY2020

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Royaume-Uni

Le Royaume-Uni (prononcé en français : ), en forme longue le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord (United Kingdom et United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), est un p

Europe

L’Europe est un territoire considéré conventionnellement comme un continent, délimité à l’ouest par l’océan Atlantique et le détroit de Danemark, au nord par l’océan Arctique. Sa limite méridionale

Londres

Londres ( ; London, ) est la capitale et plus grande ville d'Angleterre et du Royaume-Uni. La ville est située près de l'estuaire de la Tamise dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre. Londinium est fondée p

MSE-485: Tribology

This introductory course in tribology (science of friction, lubrication and wear) has specific goals : to present the basic principles of tribology, to develop the attitude to analyse tribological and to illustrate correlations between materials and tribological properties.

AR-367: Environmental histories

Le cours vise à familiariser les étudiants avec l'histoire de l'environnement et des paysages, et avec la façon dont les différentes préoccupations environnementales, qui vont affecter de plus en plus fortement la conception des villes et de l'architecture.

BIO-455: Introduction to law and ethics

Le but du cours est de familiariser l'étudiant-e aux notions de base du droit et de l'éthique applicables à la recherche en STV et à son transfert en applications, et de lui fournir les éléments essentiels pour identifier les enjeux juridiques et éthiques dans sa future pratique professionnelle.