Basal ganglia diseaseBasal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function. Research indicates that increased output of the basal ganglia inhibits thalamocortical projection neurons. Proper activation or deactivation of these neurons is an integral component for proper movement.
HypokinesiaHypokinesia is one of the classifications of movement disorders, and refers to decreased bodily movement. Hypokinesia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia. Hypokinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement. It is also associated with mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases.
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loopThe cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain. The loop involves connections between the cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and back to the cortex. It is of particular relevance to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as to mental disorders of control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome.
Spasmodic torticollisSpasmodic torticollis is an extremely painful chronic neurological movement disorder causing the neck to involuntarily turn to the left, right, upwards, and/or downwards. The condition is also referred to as "cervical dystonia". Both agonist and antagonist muscles contract simultaneously during dystonic movement. Causes of the disorder are predominantly idiopathic. A small number of patients develop the disorder as a result of another disorder or disease. Most patients first experience symptoms midlife.
Maladie de ParkinsonLa maladie de Parkinson (abrégée « Parkinson », ou MP) porte le nom de James Parkinson, un médecin anglais ayant publié la première description détaillée de celle-ci dans An Essay on the Shaking Palsy en 1817. C'est une maladie neurodégénérative irréversible d'évolution lente. Caractérisée par une perte progressive de neurones dopaminergiques, elle est une maladie chronique qui affecte le système nerveux central (SNC) et provoque des troubles progressifs d'ordre moteurs, cognitifs et comportementaux.
Dystonie (maladie)Les dystonies sont un groupe de maladies caractérisées par des troubles moteurs, regroupant la dystonie idiopathique de torsion (DIT) ou dystonie généralisée, les autres dystonies héréditaires, le blépharospasme, la dysphonie spasmodique, la dystonie secondaire à des lésions cérébrales et les dystonies en foyer. La dystonie frappe hommes et femmes, jeunes et vieux et les gens de toute origine. Elle n'est pas un trouble psychologique et elle n'affecte pas les facultés intellectuelles.
