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Concept

Hadron

Résumé

vignette|Contenu en quarks de quelques hadrons. En physique des particules, un hadron est une particule composite, composée de particules subatomiques régies par l'interaction forte. Par exemple, les protons ou les neutrons sont des hadrons. Composition Dans le modèle standard de la physique des particules, les hadrons sont composés de quarks, d'anti-quarks et de gluons. Les particules constituant un hadron ont été appelées de manière générique partons, terme en désuétude à ce jour. Les gluons sont les vecteurs de l'interaction forte qui maintient les quarks ensemble pour former le hadron. L'essentiel de la masse d'un hadron (1 GeV/c2 pour un proton) provient de l'énergie des gluons qui maintiennent les quarks ensemble, et pas des quarks (environ une dizaine de MeV/c2 pour le cas du proton). Les quarks (ou antiquarks) présents dans le hadron tout le long de son existence sont appelés quarks de valence, à l'opposé des particules (paires qu

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

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Concepts associés (97)

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Cours associés (7)

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Séances de cours associées (23)

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

Hadron beams - approximately 200 MeV protons and 400 MeV/u fully stripped carbon ions - are better suited to treat deep-seated tumours than X ray beams - produced by electrons accelerated by linear accelerators (linacs) to 5-25 MeV - because they leave the maximum energy density at the end of their range in matter, in the so-called Bragg peak. This physical property allows dose depositions that are more conformal to the tumour target and spare much better the surrounding healthy tissues, so that hadron therapy treatment rooms could substitute X ray therapy rooms (about 20 000 worldwide) if the needed accelerators could be made of similar dimensions and costs. Cyclotrons and synchrotrons are at the heart of today proton and carbon ion therapy centres, respectively. At the end of 2015, more than 130 000 patients have been treated with proton beams and almost 20 000 with carbon ions [Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group data, \url{https://www.ptcog.ch/index.php/patient-statistics}]. High frequency hadron therapy linacs have been studied in the last 30 years. Their main advantage is represented by their active beam energy modulation, which permits quick treatments with superior beam quality and novel dose delivery techniques. This thesis is the last of many research works on the development of linear accelerators for hadron therapy. The preliminary design of two linear accelerator facilities, for proton therapy (TULIP) and carbon ion therapy (CABOTO), was completed. The introductory Chapter will review the rationale of hadron therapy as a treatment methodology, together with a discussion of the advantages of linacs in hadron therapy compared to state-of-art technologies. Finally, the most important past research activities based on which this thesis started will be presented. The second Chapter describes the RF design of accelerating structures performed for the proton and carbon ion therapy facilities later on presented. The third Chapter is dedicated to the proton linac design, called TULIP: TUrning LInac for Protontherapy. The forth Chapter describes the carbon ion linac design, called CABOTO: CArbon BOoster for Therapy in Oncology. The fifth Chapter presents the experimental activity performed on the backward travelling wave prototype built. Goal of the test is to study the high-gradient break-down limitation of S-Band cavities. The thesis is completed by an Appendix where the beam dynamics codes developed to design the linacs are discussed.

EPFL2018

Chargement

Measurement of lifetimes for heavy flavour mesons using semileptonic B decays at LHCb

Brice Emile Maurin

This thesis work presents lifetime measurements of heavy-flavour mesons made with semileptonic

B^0

and

B^0_s

decays based on

3~{\rm fb}^{-1}

of data collected with the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. The study of meson lifetimes is important to constrain phenomenological models for hadronic interactions based on the Standard Model of particle physics. Better understanding of hadronic interactions is essential for making precise predictions, which can then be confronted to experimental data in order to look for signs of physics beyond the Standard Model. We measure the differences between the decay widths of the

B^0_s

and

B^0

mesons,

\Delta(B)

, and between that of the

D_s^-

and

D^-

mesons,

\Delta(D)

, by analysing approximately 410000

B^0_s \to D_{s}^{(*)-}\mu^{+}\nu_{\mu}

and 110000

B^0 \to D^{(*)-}\mu^{+}\nu_{\mu}

decays, which are partially reconstructed in the same

K^+K^-\pi^-\mu^+

final state. We measure

\Delta(B) = -0.0115 \pm 0.0053~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0041~{\rm(syst)}~{\rm ps}^{-1}

and

\Delta(D) = 1.0131 \pm 0.0117~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0065~{\rm(syst)}~{\rm ps}^{-1}.

Using the obtained values of

\Delta(D)

and

\Delta(B)

and the

B^0

and

D^-

lifetimes as external inputs, we obtain a measurement of the flavour-specific

B^0_s

lifetime,

\tau_s^{\rm fs} = 1.547 \pm 0.013~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.010~{\rm (syst)} \pm 0.004~{\rm(\tau_{B^0})}~{\rm ps},

and of the

D_s^-

lifetime,

\tau_{D_s^-} = 0.5064 \pm 0.0030~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0017~{\rm (syst)} \pm 0.0017~{\rm(\tau_{D^-})}~{\rm ps},

where the last uncertainties originate from the limited knowledge of the

B^0

and

D^-

lifetimes, respectively. Both results are compatible with, and improve upon, previous determinations. A feasibility study of a

D^0

lifetime measurement is performed, by measuring the difference between the decay widths of the

D^0

and

D^-

mesons,

\Delta(D)'

. We reconstruct approximately

2.2\times 10^6

B^0\to D^{*-}(\to \bar{D}^0 (\to K^+\pi^-)\pi^-)\mu^+\nu_{\mu}

and

1.6\times 10^6

B^0\to D^{(*)-}(\to K^+\pi^-\pi^- (X))\mu^+\nu_{\mu}

decays. We measure

\Delta(D)' = 1.4644 \pm 0.0043~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0132~{\rm(syst)}~{\rm ps}^{-1}

and with the

D^-

lifetime as external input, we get an estimate of the

D^0

lifetime,

\tau_{D^0} = 0.4122 \pm 0.0007~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0022~{\rm (syst)} \pm 0.0011~{\rm(\tau_{D^-})}~{\rm ps}.

This result is compatible with, but less precise than, current precision and thus validates the method. We discuss possible improvements with larger simulation samples and data sets.

EPFL2018

Chargement

Direct search for Higgs boson in LHCb and contribution to the development of the vertex detector

Laurent Locatelli

The LHCb experiment (Large Hadron Collider beauty) is one of the four experiments under construction at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN near Geneva. It is planned to start in 2007 and its goal is the study of b-quark physics. The LHC is a circular accelerator in which collide protons-protons at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 14 TeV. This generates a large number of high energy bb pairs which are predominantly produced in the same forward cone. The LHCb detector is therefore a forward single arm spectrometer designed to exploit the large bb production cross section (σbb ~ 500 μb) and to perform precise measurements of CP violation in b-hadrons decays. One of the actual greatest challenges in High Energy Physics is the discovery of the Higgs boson which is responsible for the Model Standard particles mass generation through the Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking process. The Higgs mass is not known and cannot be predicted by the theory. However the recent results of LEP at CERN have shown that mH0 > 114 GeV/c2. Below ~ 150 GeV/c2 the Higgs decay into two b-quarks H0 → bb dominates. The two quarks emitted back-to-back in the H0 rest frame form a string which fragments, giving rise to hadronization in jets containing b-hadrons. The aim of this thesis is to assess the feasibility to discover a Higgs boson with intermediate mass at LHCb by using the detector sensibility to b-hadrons in order to reconstruct these jets using jets reconstruction algorithms. The study is focused on the mechanisms in which the Higgs boson is produced in association with a gauge boson decaying leptonically H0 + W± → bb + ℓνℓ and H0 + Z0 → bb + ℓ+ℓ- for Higgs masses in the range 100 - 130 GeV/c2. The gauge bosons decay produces hard leptons quite often isolated from the b-jets. Hence an isolated lepton with high transverse momentum is required in order to reject the large QCD background. Several important background channels which also provide two b-quarks and an isolated lepton – like tt → W+b W-b, Z0 + W± → bb + ℓνℓ, Z0 + Z0 → bb + ℓ+ℓ-, W± + b-jets, Z0 + b-jets and generic bb – are studied in parallel. The idea is to find observables which behave differently for backgrounds and Higgs signal and to exploit these differences in the framework of a neural network, precisely in order to discriminate background from signal. The LHCb experiment needs a high capability to identify b-hadrons despite their very short lifetime τB ~ 1.5 · 10-12 s. The Vertex Locator (VeLo) is a sub-detector placed around the p-p interaction point which has to provide accurate measurements of the b-hadrons production and decay points by reconstructing secondary vertices. The second part of this thesis is a technical contribution to the development of the VeLo analogue transmission line. It consists in testing several hardware and software methods to improve the VeLo analogue transmission between the on-detector part of the readout and the off-detector electronics. Because the ~ 60 m line introduces an important attenuation, several cables and line drivers configurations with frequency and gain compensation are studied in order to obtain the best results in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and channel crosstalk. The different contributions to the noise are also studied and an estimation of the contribution due to the Beetle pipeline non-uniformity is given in order to see if a specific correction is needed or if it can be suppressed by a standard common noise correction procedure.

EPFL2007

Chargement

Direct search for Higgs boson in LHCb and contribution to the development of the vertex detector

Laurent Locatelli

EPFL2007

Measurement of lifetimes for heavy flavour mesons using semileptonic B decays at LHCb

Brice Emile Maurin

This thesis work presents lifetime measurements of heavy-flavour mesons made with semileptonic

B^0

and

B^0_s

decays based on

3~{\rm fb}^{-1}

B^0_s

and

B^0

mesons,

\Delta(B)

, and between that of the

D_s^-

and

D^-

mesons,

\Delta(D)

, by analysing approximately 410000

B^0_s \to D_{s}^{(*)-}\mu^{+}\nu_{\mu}

and 110000

B^0 \to D^{(*)-}\mu^{+}\nu_{\mu}

decays, which are partially reconstructed in the same

K^+K^-\pi^-\mu^+

final state. We measure

\Delta(B) = -0.0115 \pm 0.0053~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0041~{\rm(syst)}~{\rm ps}^{-1}

and

\Delta(D) = 1.0131 \pm 0.0117~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0065~{\rm(syst)}~{\rm ps}^{-1}.

Using the obtained values of

\Delta(D)

and

\Delta(B)

and the

B^0

and

D^-

lifetimes as external inputs, we obtain a measurement of the flavour-specific

B^0_s

lifetime,

\tau_s^{\rm fs} = 1.547 \pm 0.013~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.010~{\rm (syst)} \pm 0.004~{\rm(\tau_{B^0})}~{\rm ps},

and of the

D_s^-

lifetime,

\tau_{D_s^-} = 0.5064 \pm 0.0030~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0017~{\rm (syst)} \pm 0.0017~{\rm(\tau_{D^-})}~{\rm ps},

where the last uncertainties originate from the limited knowledge of the

B^0

and

D^-

lifetimes, respectively. Both results are compatible with, and improve upon, previous determinations. A feasibility study of a

D^0

lifetime measurement is performed, by measuring the difference between the decay widths of the

D^0

and

D^-

mesons,

\Delta(D)'

. We reconstruct approximately

2.2\times 10^6

B^0\to D^{*-}(\to \bar{D}^0 (\to K^+\pi^-)\pi^-)\mu^+\nu_{\mu}

and

1.6\times 10^6

B^0\to D^{(*)-}(\to K^+\pi^-\pi^- (X))\mu^+\nu_{\mu}

decays. We measure

\Delta(D)' = 1.4644 \pm 0.0043~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0132~{\rm(syst)}~{\rm ps}^{-1}

and with the

D^-

lifetime as external input, we get an estimate of the

D^0

lifetime,

\tau_{D^0} = 0.4122 \pm 0.0007~{\rm(stat)} \pm 0.0022~{\rm (syst)} \pm 0.0011~{\rm(\tau_{D^-})}~{\rm ps}.

This result is compatible with, but less precise than, current precision and thus validates the method. We discuss possible improvements with larger simulation samples and data sets.

EPFL2018