Extinction de l'Holocène

thumb|Le dodo, un oiseau de l'Île Maurice, s'est éteint vers la fin du après que les humains eurent détruit les forêts où les oiseaux faisaient leur nid et introduit des animaux qui mangeaient leurs œufs. Il est souvent cité comme exemple d'extinction moderne Lextinction de l'Holocène (aussi nommée sixième extinction ou entrée dans l'Anthropocène) est le nom donné habituellement à l'extinction massive et étendue des espèces durant l'époque contemporaine, dite « moderne », de l'Holocène, qui continue actuellement. L'extinction massive actuelle est entièrement due à l'activité humaine, ce qui inclut la fragmentation des territoires, la déforestation, la destruction des habitats, la chasse, le braconnage, l'introduction d'espèces invasives, la pollution et le changement climatique. Les effets cumulatifs et la synergie entre ces facteurs peuvent avoir un impact environnemental encore plus important. Ces extinctions concernent de nombreuses familles de plantes et d'animaux. Au début de l

Genetic consequences of population expansions and contractions in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) since the Late Pleistocene

Pierre Joly, Séverine Vuilleumier Varisco

Over the past two decades, an increasing amount of phylogeographic work has substantially improved our understanding of African biogeography, in particular the role played by Pleistocene pluvial-drought cycles on terrestrial vertebrates. However, still little is known on the evolutionary history of semi-aquatic animals, which faced tremendous challenges imposed by unpredictable availability of water resources. In this study, we investigate the Late Pleistocene history of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation and range-wide sampling. We documented a global demographic and spatial expansion approximately 0.1-0.3Myr ago, most likely associated with an episode of massive drainage overflow. These events presumably enabled a historical continent-wide gene flow among hippopotamus populations, and hence, no clear continental-scale genetic structuring remains. Nevertheless, present-day hippopotamus populations are genetically disconnected, probably as a result of the mid-Holocene aridification and contemporary anthropogenic pressures. This unique pattern contrasts with the biogeographic paradigms established for savannah-adapted ungulate mammals and should be further investigated in other water-associated taxa. Our study has important consequences for the conservation of the hippo, an emblematic but threatened species that requires specific protection to curtail its long-term decline

Wiley-Blackwell2015

Genetic selection for low glucocorticoid responsiveness recapitulates PTSD-related phenotypes: a behavioral, neuroimaging and sleep-physiology study

Silvia Monari

Humans show inter-individual differences in vulnerability to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following exposure to trauma. Several critical biobehavioral features have been consistently described in PTSD patients, including blunted cortisol levels, smaller hippocampal size, sleep disturbances. However, because of the delay between trauma exposure and the onset of symptoms characteristic of PTSD, only a few longitudinal studies have tried to dissect whether these features constitute pre-trauma risk factors or consequences of the trauma. Enormous effort in animal and human studies has been dedicated to understanding mechanisms of conditioned fear and fear extinction, processes that are at the core of PTSD. However, the same progress has not been translated into psychiatric practice for PTSD. Deepening our understanding of the contribution of key factors to PTSD-related alterations can serve to develop effective treatments.In particular, with regard to low cortisol levels in PTSD pathophysiology, a causative role for blunted glucocorticoid responsiveness in PTSD has not been demonstrated yet.Here, we have addressed this question in lines of Wistar rats genetically-selected for their differential habituation of glucocorticoid responses to stress (LOW-, INTER-, HIGH-CORT Responder rats) and focused on fear extinction, a hallmark of PTSD symptomology, as one of the key features. As a first step, we looked whether divergent trajectories of glucocorticoid responsiveness were associated with brain volume abnormalities, prompted by the influential role of glucocorticoid in brain development. Notably, rats with low or high corticosterone responsiveness exhibit smaller hippocampi, regardless of trauma exposure, compared to rats with normative corticosterone levels. Similarly, the distribution of corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus presented similarities between the LOW-CR and the HIGH-CR rats with higher mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and less glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Although LOW- and HIGH-CR rats displayed a similar hippocampal profile at the structural and molecular levels, only LOW-CR male rats exhibited strong deficits in extinction consolidation compared to rats with 'normative' glucocorticoid responses (INTER-CR rats), and showed higher fear response both at few days and at several weeks after trauma exposure. We next tested the causal involvement of corticosterone in the fear extinction consolidation, and found that post-extinction corticosterone treatment markedly prevented the deficits in extinction memory and attenuated fear relapse. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of corticosterone levels during extinction memory consolidation, but not during training, in the INTER-CR rats led to extinction deficits at retrieval one day later. These results indicate that blunted corticosterone levels contribute to confer major vulnerability than having a small hippocampus, and that consolidation processes following extinction are mainly affected by low corticosterone levels.It is well known that glucocorticoids play an important role in memory consolidation processes and that sleep disturbances are a diagnostic criterion of PTSD. Therefore, we investigated in greater detail the sleep architecture in undisturbed condition and during the consolidation period of the extinction phase, which is known to be supported by sleep-dependent processes. In polysomnographic recordings, we found that rats with blunted corticos

EPFL2022

Genetic selection for low glucocorticoid responsiveness recapitulates PTSD-related phenotypes: a behavioral, neuroimaging and sleep-physiology study

Silvia Monari

EPFL2022

Genetic consequences of population expansions and contractions in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) since the Late Pleistocene

Genetic selection for low glucocorticoid responsiveness recapitulates PTSD-related phenotypes: a behavioral, neuroimaging and sleep-physiology study

The Climate of Europe during the Holocene Reconstructed from Pollen Data

Genetic consequences of population expansions and contractions in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) since the Late Pleistocene

Genetic selection for low glucocorticoid responsiveness recapitulates PTSD-related phenotypes: a behavioral, neuroimaging and sleep-physiology study

The Climate of Europe during the Holocene Reconstructed from Pollen Data