Modèle OG-DG

Le modèle OG-DG (pour offre globale et demande globale) est un modèle économique. Il est parfois appelé modèle quasi-offre quasi-demande globales, modèle offre agrégée/demande agrégée ou modèle AD-AS (pour Aggregate Demand et Aggregate Supply). Le modèle OG-DG décrit l'équilibre général impliquant le marché des biens et services, le marché monétaire, le marché obligataire, et le marché du travail. À court terme, l' est décidée et n'est pas sujette au remaniement. . Le long terme définit l'état du monde où tous les marchés et l'attente des prix sont complètement ajustés. La courbe de demande agrégée La courbe de demande agrégée du modèle OG-DG est définie par le modèle IS/LM (Voir Figure 1 et Figure 2). La courbe de demande agrégée visualise le rapport entre le taux d'intérêt et le revenu national d'équilibre. La courbe IS du modèle IS/LM peut être interprétée, à moyen terme, comme la courbe de Demande Globale de c

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thumb|Modélisation des relations macroéconomiques entre agrégats dans une économie. La macroéconomie est une discipline de l'économie qui étudie le système économique au niveau agrégé à travers les r

Pour la macroéconomie, la demande agrégée (notée AD) représente la demande totale de biens et services dans une économie (notée Y) pour un temps et un niveau de prix donnés

droite|vignette|495x495px|Exemple de modèle macro-économique Un modèle macro-économique (ou macroéconomique) est un outil d'analyse destiné à décrire le fonctionnement de l'économie d'un pays ou d'une

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Accounting for congestion and spillbacks in fixed-time traffic signal optimization: an analytical queueing model approach

Michel Bierlaire, Carolina Osorio Pizano

We present and analyze a new aggregate model of urban traffic. The objective is to analytically capture the correlation between the different components of the network while maintaining a tractable model that can be used in an optimization framework. Existing analytical queueing models for urban networks are formulated for a single intersection, and thus do no take into account the interactions among upstream and downstream roads. We formulate a model that considers a set of intersections and captures the correlation structure between consecutive roads based on finite capacity queueing theory. It therefore provides a detailed description of congestion. It identifies the sources of congestion (e.g. bottlenecks), describes how congestion propagates and dissipates; and quantifies the impact on the network performance. We use the model in the context of fixed-time traffic signal optimization. Although there is a great variety of signal control methodologies in the literature, there is still a need for solutions that are appropriate and efficient under saturated conditions, where the performance of signal control strategies and the formation and propagation of queues are strongly related. To the best of our knowledge, the existing signal control strategies based on analytical network models have not taken spillbacks into account. We formulate a fixed-time signal control problem where the network model is included as a set of constraints. We apply this methodology to a subnetwork of the Lausanne city center and use a microscopic traffic simulator to analyze its performance. We compare its performance to that of several other methods. The results show the importance of taking the correlation between consecutive roads into account.

2008

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An Analytic Finite Capacity Queueing Network Model Capturing Congestion and Spillbacks

Michel Bierlaire, Carolina Osorio Pizano

Analytic queueing network models constitute a flexible tool for the study of network flow. These aggregate models are simple to manipulate and their analytic aspect renders them suitable for use within an optimization framework. Analytic queueing network models often assume infinite capacity for all queues. For real systems this infinite capacity assumption does not hold, but is often maintained due to the difficulty of grasping the between-queue correlation structure present in finite capacity networks. This correlation structure helps explain bottleneck effects and spillbacks, the latter being of special interest in networks containing loops because they are a source of potential deadlock (i.e. gridlock). We present an analytic queueing network model which acknowledges the finite capacity of the different queues. The model is adapted for multiple server finite capacity queueing networks with an arbitrary topology and blocking-after-service. By explicitly modelling the blocking phase the model yields a description of the congestion effects. A decomposition method allowing the evaluation of the model is also described. The methods validation, by comparison to both pre-existing methods and simulation results, is presented, as well as its application to the study of patient flow in a network of operative and post-operative units of the Geneva University Hospital.

2007

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An analytic finite capacity queueing network model capturing congestion and spillbacks

Michel Bierlaire, Carolina Osorio Pizano

2007

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Pour la macroéconomie, la demande agrégée (notée AD) représente la demande totale de biens et services dans une économie (notée Y) pour un temps et un niveau de prix donnés

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