Inde

Résumé

LInde (en भारत / Bhārat ; India), en forme longue la république de l'Inde (en भारत गणराज्य / Bhārat Gaṇarājya ; Republic of India), est un pays d'Asie du Sud qui occupe la majeure partie du sous-continent indien. Sa capitale est New Delhi. L'Inde est le pays le plus peuplé (juin 2023) et le septième pays le plus grand au monde. Le littoral indien s'étend sur plus de sept mille kilomètres. Le pays a des frontières communes avec le Pakistan au nord-ouest, la Chine au nord et à l'est-nord-est, le Népal au nord-est, le Bhoutan, le Bangladesh et la Birmanie à l'est-nord-est. Sur l'océan Indien, l'Inde est à proximité des Maldives au sud-sud-ouest, du Sri Lanka au sud et de l'Indonésie au sud-est. L'Inde revendique également une frontière avec l'Afghanistan au nord-ouest. L'Inde dispose de l'arme nucléaire depuis 1974 après avoir fait des essais officiels. L'Inde est un foyer de civilisations parmi les plus anciennes du monde, la civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus s'y est développée dè

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde

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L'ensemble des problématiques liées à l'eau est présenté afin d'avoir une vue globale de la gestion et de l'économie de cet élément essentiel à toute vie et toute activité. L'analyse des ressources et des besoins est présentée ainsi que les outils d'optimisation et d'évaluation économique.

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Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae

Philippe Busso, Stewart Cole, Alexandre Gattiker, Jacques Rougemont, Pushpendra Singh

Reductive evolution and massive pseudogene formation have shaped the 3.31-Mb genome of Mycobacterium leprae, an unculturable obligate pathogen that causes leprosy in humans. The complete genome sequence of M. leprae strain Br4923 from Brazil was obtained by conventional methods (6x coverage), and Illumina resequencing technology was used to obtain the sequences of strains Thai53 (38x coverage) and NHDP63 (46x coverage) from Thailand and the United States, respectively. Whole-genome comparisons with the previously sequenced TN strain from India revealed that the four strains share 99.995% sequence identity and differ only in 215 polymorphic sites, mainly SNPs, and by 5 pseudogenes. Sixteen interrelated SNP subtypes were defined by genotyping both extant and extinct strains of M. leprae from around the world. The 16 SNP subtypes showed a strong geographical association that reflects the migration patterns of early humans and trade routes, with the Silk Road linking Europe to China having contributed to the spread of leprosy.

2009

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Invasive floating macrophytes reduce greenhouse gas emissions from a small tropical lake

Sabine Flury McGinnis

Floating macrophytes, including water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), are dominant invasive organisms in tropical aquatic systems, and they may play an important role in modifying the gas exchange between water and the atmosphere. However, these systems are underrepresented in global datasets of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study investigated the carbon (C) turnover and GHG emissions from a small (0.6 km2) water-harvesting lake in South India and analysed the effect of floating macrophytes on these emissions. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions with gas chambers in the field as well as water C mineralization rates and physicochemical variables in both the open water and in water within stands of water hyacinths. The CO2 and CH4 emissions from areas covered by water hyacinths were reduced by 57% compared with that of open water. However, the C mineralization rates were not significantly different in the water between the two areas. We conclude that the increased invasion of water hyacinths and other floating macrophytes has the potential to change GHG emissions, a process that might be relevant in regional C budgets.

2016

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VideoKheti: Making Video Content Accessible to Low-Literate and Novice Users

Sébastien Cuendet

Designing ICT systems for rural users in the developing world is difficult for a variety of reasons ranging from problems with infrastructure to financial constraints. But beyond these difficulties, there are serious challenges associated with the potential users. Developing regions may include huge variability in spoken languages (India alone is home to hundreds of languages), and users are often low- or non-literate, with very little experience interacting with digital technologies. Researchers have explored the use of text-free graphical interfaces as well as speech-based applications to overcome some of the issues related to language and literacy. While there are benefits and drawbacks to each of these approaches, they can be complementary when used together. In this work, we present VideoKheti, a mobile system using speech, graphics, and touch interaction for low-literate farmers in rural India. VideoKheti helps farmers to find and watch agricultural extension videos in their own language and dialect. In this paper, we detail the design and development of VideoKheti and report on a field study with 20 farmers in rural India who were asked to find videos based on a scenario. The results show that farmers could use VideoKheti, but their success still greatly depended on their education level. While participants were enthusiastic about using the system, the multimodal interface did not overcome many obstacles for low-literate users.

2013

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