Entier (informatique)

Résumé

En informatique, un entier est un type de donnée qui représente un sous-ensemble fini de nombres entiers relatifs. On utilise aussi le terme type de données entières (integral type data). Un type de donnée est la nature des valeurs que peut prendre une donnée. Historique Certains traitements comme le recensement des États-Unis ont d'abord été effectués en utilisant une représentation décimale à l'aide de cartes perforées. Le système décimal utilise dix chiffres (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) et où leur position correspond à une puissance de 10 (1, 10, 100, 1000, etc.). Le développement de l'informatique a ensuite conduit à l'utilisation de la représentation binaire des entiers, mais aussi de la représentation décimale, où chaque chiffre de 0 à 9 est codé en binaire (voir Binary coded decimal, IBM 1620). Autrement dit, on représente chacun des dix chiffres en binaire (sur 4 bits) pour implémenter l'arithmétique décimale. Représentation binaire Un ordinateur mo

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Miniboxing: Improving the Speed to Code Size Tradeoff in Parametric Polymorphism Translations

Martin Odersky, Cristian Talau, Vlad Ureche

Parametric polymorphism enables code reuse and type safety. Underneath the uniform interface exposed to programmers, however, its low level implementation has to cope with inherently non-uniform data: value types of different sizes and semantics (bytes, integers, floating point numbers) and reference types (pointers to heap objects). On the Java Virtual Machine, parametric polymorphism is currently translated to bytecode using two competing approaches: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous translation requires boxing, and thus introduces indirect access delays. Heterogeneous translation duplicates and adapts code for each value type individually, producing more bytecode. Therefore bytecode speed and size are at odds with each other. This paper proposes a novel translation that significantly reduces the bytecode size without affecting the execution speed. The key insight is that larger value types (such as integers) can hold smaller ones (such as bytes) thus reducing the duplication necessary in heterogeneous translations. In our implementation, on the Scala compiler, we encode all primitive value types in long integers. The resulting bytecode approaches the performance of monomorphic code, matches the performance of the heterogeneous translation and obtains speedups of up to 22x over the homogeneous translation, all with modest increases in size.

2013

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Computational science has seen in the last decades a spectacular rise in the scope, breadth, and depth of its efforts. Notwithstanding this prevalence and impact, it is often still performed using the renaissance model of individual artisans gathered in a workshop, under the guidance of an established practitioner. Great benefits could follow instead from adopting concepts and tools coming from computer science to manage, preserve, and share these computational efforts. We illustrate here our paradigm sustaining such vision, based around the four pillars of Automation, Data, Environment, and Sharing. We then discuss its implementation in the open-source AiiDA platform (http://www.aiida.net), that has been tuned first to the demands of computational materials science. AiiDA's design is based on directed acyclic graphs to track the provenance of data and calculations, and ensure preservation and searchability. Remote computational resources are managed transparently, and automation is coupled with data storage to ensure reproducibility. Last, complex sequences of calculations can be encoded into scientific workflows. We believe that AiiDA's design and its sharing capabilities will encourage the creation of social ecosystems to disseminate codes, data, and scientific workflows. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Bv2016

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Manipulating logic functions via majority operators recently drew the attention of researchers in computer science. For example, circuit optimization based on majority operators enables superior results as compared to traditional logic systems. Also, the Boolean satisfiability problem finds new solving approaches when described in terms of majority decisions. To support computer logic applications based on majority a sound and complete set of axioms is required. Most of the recent advances in majority logic deal only with ternary majority (MAJ- 3) operators because the axiomatization with solely MAJ-3 and complementation operators is well understood. However, it is of interest extending such axiomatization to n-ary majority operators (MAJ-n) from both the theoretical and practical perspective. In this work, we address this issue by introducing a sound and complete axiomatization of MAJ-n logic. Our axiomatization naturally includes existing majority logic systems. Based on this general set of axioms, computer applications can now fully exploit the expressive power of majority logic.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers2016

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