ProtéolyseEn biochimie, la protéolyse est la segmentation des protéines en ses fragments de base (acides aminés) via l'hydrolyse catalysée par des enzymes dits « protéolytiques » (protéases ou hydrolases). Elle intervient dans la digestion, dans la biodégradation et dans certains mécanismes d'attaque de pathogènes, et inversement de défense immunitaire contre des pathogènes. C'est un processus consommateur d'énergie (d'ATP) qui est finement régulé par des facteurs génétiques, nutritionnels et hormonaux (encore mal connus).
Protein dynamicsProteins are generally thought to adopt unique structures determined by their amino acid sequences. However, proteins are not strictly static objects, but rather populate ensembles of (sometimes similar) conformations. Transitions between these states occur on a variety of length scales (tenths of Å to nm) and time scales (ns to s), and have been linked to functionally relevant phenomena such as allosteric signaling and enzyme catalysis.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteinsNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others.
ProtéasomeLes protéasomes sont des complexes enzymatiques multiprotéiques que l'on retrouve chez les eucaryotes, les archées ainsi que chez quelques bactéries de l'ordre Actinomycetales. Dans les cellules eucaryotes il se trouve dans le cytosol et est associé au réticulum endoplasmique ainsi que dans le noyau. Leur fonction principale est de dégrader les protéines mal repliées, dénaturées ou obsolètes de manière ciblée. Cette dégradation se fait par protéolyse, une réaction chimique qui coupe les liaisons peptidiques et qui est effectuée par des enzymes appelées protéases.
Produit géniqueA gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. A measurement of the amount of gene product is sometimes used to infer how active a gene is. Abnormal amounts of gene product can be correlated with disease-causing alleles, such as the overactivity of oncogenes which can cause cancer. A gene is defined as "a hereditary unit of DNA that is required to produce a functional product".
MutantIn biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a virus with an alteration in its nucleotide sequence whose genome is in the nuclear genome. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the process of evolution.
DénaturationEn biochimie, la dénaturation est le processus par lequel une macromolécule biologique, acide nucléique ou protéine, perd sa conformation tridimensionnelle normale : les protéines perdent leur repliement et se déplient, les deux brins appariés des duplex d'acides nucléiques se séparent. Cette conformation tridimensionnelle est le plus souvent nécessaire pour que les macromolécules biologiques puissent remplir leur fonction et donc la dénaturation inactive en général ces macromolécules biologiques.
Protein dimerIn biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex or multimer formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound. Many macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, form dimers. The word dimer has roots meaning "two parts", di- + -mer. A protein dimer is a type of protein quaternary structure. A protein homodimer is formed by two identical proteins. A protein heterodimer is formed by two different proteins. Most protein dimers in biochemistry are not connected by covalent bonds.
Théorie fondamentale de la biologie moléculairePar théorie fondamentale de la biologie moléculaire, les biologistes représentent le modèle schématique de la conservation et de l'utilisation de l'information génétique. L'ADN est le support stable et transmissible de l'information génétique qui définit les fonctions biologiques d'un organisme (reproduction, nutrition, excrétion, action sur l'environnement, communication, etc.).
Choc thermique (médecine)The heat shock response (HSR) is a cell stress response that increases the number of molecular chaperones to combat the negative effects on proteins caused by stressors such as increased temperatures, oxidative stress, and heavy metals. In a normal cell, proteostasis (protein homeostasis) must be maintained because proteins are the main functional units of the cell. Many proteins take on a defined configuration in a process known as protein folding in order to perform their biological functions.
