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Concept
Protein dynamics
Résumé
Proteins are generally thought to adopt unique structures determined by their amino acid sequences. However, proteins are not strictly static objects, but rather populate ensembles of (sometimes similar) conformations. Transitions between these states occur on a variety of length scales (tenths of Å to nm) and time scales (ns to s),
and have been linked to functionally relevant phenomena such as allosteric signaling and enzyme catalysis.
The study of protein dynamics is most directly concerned with the transitions between these states,
but can also involve the nature and equilibrium populations of the states themselves.
These two perspectives—kinetics and thermodynamics, respectively—can be conceptually synthesized in an "energy landscape" paradigm:
highly populated states and the kinetics of transitions between them can be described by the depths of energy wells and the heights of energy barriers, respectively.
Portions of protein structures often deviate from the equilibrium state.
Some such excursions are harmonic, such as stochastic fluctuations of chemical bonds and bond angles.
Others are anharmonic, such as sidechains that jump between separate discrete energy minima, or rotamers.
Evidence for local flexibility is often obtained from NMR spectroscopy. Flexible and potentially disordered regions of a protein can be detected using the random coil index. Flexibility in folded proteins can be identified by analyzing the spin relaxation of individual atoms in the protein. Flexibility can also be observed in very high-resolution electron density maps produced by X-ray crystallography,
particularly when diffraction data is collected at room temperature instead of the traditional cryogenic temperature (typically near 100 K). Information on the frequency distribution and dynamics of local protein flexibility can be obtained using Raman and optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy as well as anisotropic microspectroscopy in the terahertz frequency domain.
Many residues are in close spatial proximity in protein structures.
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Proximité ontologique
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Concepts associés (16)
Super-famille de protéines
Une superfamille (ou super-famille) de protéines est le regroupement le plus large (clade) de protéines pour lesquelles il est possible d'identifier un ancêtre commun par homologie. Cet ancêtre commun est généralement déduit par et similitude mécanique, même lorsque aucune similitude entre les séquences n'est détectable. Les super-familles contiennent généralement plusieurs familles de protéines présentant des similitudes de séquences au sein de ces familles.
Changement conformationnel
vignette|Exemple de changement conformationnel En biochimie, un changement conformationnel est la transition entre deux géométries moléculaires, souvent induite par des facteurs environnementaux. Une macromolécule est le plus souvent flexible et dynamique, chaque configuration tridimensionnelle possible définissant une conformation. La forme d'une macromolécule peut se modifier en réponse à un changement dans les paramètres environnementaux tels que la température, le pH (acidité, basicité), le champ électrique, la salinité, la lumière (sur les chromophores), la phosphorylation ou la liaison d'un ligand.
Nanoscopic scale
The nanoscopic scale (or nanoscale) usually refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology, usually cited as 1–100 nanometers (nm). A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. The nanoscopic scale is (roughly speaking) a lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids. For technical purposes, the nanoscopic scale is the size at which fluctuations in the averaged properties (due to the motion and behavior of individual particles) begin to have a significant effect (often a few percent) on the behavior of a system, and must be taken into account in its analysis.