In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.
It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases." Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid fuels.
Soil liquefaction
In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia in October 2018.
In a related phenomenon, liquefaction of bulk materials in cargo ships may cause a dangerous shift in the load.
liquefaction of gases and melting
In physics and chemistry, the phase transitions from solid and gas to liquid (melting and condensation, respectively) may be referred to as liquefaction. The melting point (sometimes called liquefaction point) is the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid. In commercial and industrial situations, the process of condensing a gas to liquid is sometimes referred to as liquefaction of gases.
Coal liquefaction
Coal liquefaction is the production of liquid fuels from coal using a variety of industrial processes.
dissolution (chemistry)
Liquefaction is also used in commercial and industrial settings to refer to mechanical dissolution of a solid by mixing, grinding or blending with a liquid.
blender
In kitchen or laboratory settings, solids may be chopped into smaller parts sometimes in combination with a liquid, for example in food preparation or laboratory use. This may be done with a blender, or liquidiser in British English.
Liquefaction of silica and silicate glasses occurs on electron beam irradiation of nanosized samples in the column of transmission electron microscope.
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vignette|L'eau est une substance abondante sur la surface terrestre, se manifestant notamment sous forme de liquide. vignette|Diagramme montrant comment sont configurés les molécules et les atomes pour les différents états de la matière.
Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders. Liquefaction processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well.
L'oxygène liquide est le dioxygène refroidi au-dessous de son point de condensation, soit () sous la pression atmosphérique (). Sa masse volumique est alors de , et il gèle à (). On l'obtient par distillation fractionnée à partir de l'air. On le désigne souvent par l'acronyme LOX, notamment pour ses applications astronautiques. En 1845, Michael Faraday est capable de liquéfier les gaz les plus connus alors, comme le protoxyde d'azote, le cyanogène, le dichlore, l'ammoniac.
Shaping embryonic tissues into their functional morphologies requires cells to control the physical state of the tissue in space and time. While regional variations in cellular forces or cell proliferation have been typically assumed to be the main physica ...
Thermoplastic polymer composites (TPC) with multiple fabric layers of continuous fiber reinforcement are laminate sheets designed to be thermally stamped and overmolded leading to low cycle times and thus high volume composite parts. Injection over-molding ...
2016
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This paper describes chitin liquefaction in ethylene glycol (EG) under the catalysis of sulfuric acid for the first time. Up to 75% of chitin was liquefied at 165 degrees C within 90 min by using 8 wt % of acid (refer to the mass of EG). The major products ...