Théorie du liageEn linguistique, la théorie du liage peut désigner toute théorie ayant pour objet la distribution des éléments pronominaux et anaphoriques. Cette théorie offre des restrictions syntaxiques selon la position du syntagme déterminant (ou nominal). L'idée selon laquelle il devrait y avoir une théorie spécialisée et cohérente s'occupant de ces phénomènes particuliers est apparue dans les travaux autour des grammaires transformationnelles dans les années 1970.
Principles and parametersPrinciples and parameters is a framework within generative linguistics in which the syntax of a natural language is described in accordance with general principles (i.e. abstract rules or grammars) and specific parameters (i.e. markers, switches) that for particular languages are either turned on or off. For example, the position of heads in phrases is determined by a parameter. Whether a language is head-initial or head-final is regarded as a parameter which is either on or off for particular languages (i.
Grammaire lexicale-fonctionnelleLe formalisme des grammaires lexicales-fonctionnelles (en anglais Lexical-Functional Grammars, d'où l'acronyme que nous utiliserons désormais, LFG) est un formalisme grammatical utilisé pour formaliser les langues naturelles. C'est un formalisme à décorations dont le formalisme squelette est celui des grammaires non contextuelles, et dont les décorations sont appelées structures fonctionnelles.
Phrase structure rulesPhrase structure rules are a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar, proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts, also known as , including both lexical categories (parts of speech) and phrasal categories. A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar.
Verb phraseIn linguistics, a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate clause. Thus, in the sentence A fat man quickly put the money into the box, the words quickly put the money into the box constitute a verb phrase; it consists of the verb put and its arguments, but not the subject a fat man. A verb phrase is similar to what is considered a predicate in traditional grammars.
Pro-drop languageA pro-drop language (from "pronoun-dropping") is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they can be pragmatically or grammatically inferable. The precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate. The phenomenon of "pronoun-dropping" is part of the larger topic of zero or null anaphora. The connection between pro-drop languages and null anaphora relates to the fact that a dropped pronoun has referential properties, and so is crucially not a null dummy pronoun.
SyntaxeLa syntaxe est, à l'origine, la branche de la linguistique qui étudie la manière dont les mots se combinent pour former des phrases ou des énoncés dans une langue. On distingue la syntaxe, qui concerne les expressions [les mots], de la sémantique, qui concerne ce qui est visé par les expressions [le sens, la signification/les choses]. Le terme a un sens similaire en informatique, bien qu'il s'applique à une terminologie différente.
Phrase structure grammarThe term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. The defining trait of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars.
