Résumé
The concept of multiple discovery (also known as simultaneous invention) is the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors. The concept of multiple discovery opposes a traditional view—the "heroic theory" of invention and discovery. Multiple discovery is analogous to convergent evolution in biological evolution. When Nobel laureates are announced annually—especially in physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, and economics—increasingly, in the given field, rather than just a single laureate, there are two, or the maximally permissible three, who often have independently made the same discovery. Historians and sociologists have remarked the occurrence, in science, of "multiple independent discovery". Robert K. Merton defined such "multiples" as instances in which similar discoveries are made by scientists working independently of each other. Merton contrasted a "multiple" with a "singleton"—a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. As Merton said, "Sometimes the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a scientist will make a new discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else has made years before." Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of evolution of species, independently advanced in the 19th century by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. What holds for discoveries, also goes for inventions. Examples are the blast furnace (invented independently in China, Europe and Africa), the crossbow (invented independently in China, Greece, Africa, northern Canada, and the Baltic countries), and magnetism (discovered independently in Greece, China, and India).
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Concepts associés (7)
Découverte scientifique
Pour comprendre le concept de découverte scientifique, il est nécessaire de le resituer dans le contexte de la science moderne, telle qu'elle a émergé depuis la Renaissance. En effet, pour Francis Bacon, le projet de la science est de percer les secrets de la Nature, et d'en extraire tout le savoir possible. Dans cette démarche, la découverte scientifique correspond à l'identification d'un fait ou d'un phénomène naturel original. Pour que ce fait ou ce phénomène soit reconnu, il est nécessaire que sa valeur universelle soit incontestable.
Scientific priority
In science, priority is the credit given to the individual or group of individuals who first made the discovery or propose the theory. Fame and honours usually go to the first person or group to publish a new finding, even if several researchers arrived at the same conclusion independently and at the same time. Thus between two or more independent discoverers, the first to publish is the legitimate winner. Hence, the tradition is often referred to as the priority rule, the procedure of which is nicely summed up in a phrase "publish or perish", because there are no second prizes.
Loi de Stigler
En sociologie des sciences, la loi de Stigler stipule que : Elle a été introduite en 1980 par le statisticien Stephen Stigler sous le nom de « loi d'éponymie de Stigler ». Stigler étudie la désignation d'un concept, d'un théorème, d'une découverte, par le nom d'une personne en tant que partie du système de rétribution de l'effort des scientifiques. Cet hommage participe à l'économie du champ scientifique. En donnant son propre nom à cette « loi », Stigler la confirme dès les premières lignes, en affirmant que ce concept est au moins implicite dans les travaux du sociologue américain Robert K.
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