Motion compensationMotion compensation in computing, is an algorithmic technique used to predict a frame in a video, given the previous and/or future frames by accounting for motion of the camera and/or objects in the video. It is employed in the encoding of video data for video compression, for example in the generation of MPEG-2 files. Motion compensation describes a picture in terms of the transformation of a reference picture to the current picture. The reference picture may be previous in time or even from the future.
Digital videoDigital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images (video) in the form of encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual images in the form of analog signals. Digital video comprises a series of s displayed in rapid succession, usually at 24, 30, or 60 frames per second. Digital video has many advantages such as easy copying, multicasting, sharing and storage. Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the Sony D1 format, which recorded an uncompressed standard-definition component video signal in digital form.
Generation lossGeneration loss is the loss of quality between subsequent copies or transcodes of data. Anything that reduces the quality of the representation when copying, and would cause further reduction in quality on making a copy of the copy, can be considered a form of generation loss. File size increases are a common result of generation loss, as the introduction of artifacts may actually increase the entropy of the data through each generation.
Modified discrete cosine transformThe modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) is a transform based on the type-IV discrete cosine transform (DCT-IV), with the additional property of being lapped: it is designed to be performed on consecutive blocks of a larger dataset, where subsequent blocks are overlapped so that the last half of one block coincides with the first half of the next block. This overlapping, in addition to the energy-compaction qualities of the DCT, makes the MDCT especially attractive for signal compression applications, since it helps to avoid artifacts stemming from the block boundaries.
Transform codingTransform coding is a type of data compression for "natural" data like audio signals or photographic s. The transformation is typically lossless (perfectly reversible) on its own but is used to enable better (more targeted) quantization, which then results in a lower quality copy of the original input (lossy compression). In transform coding, knowledge of the application is used to choose information to discard, thereby lowering its bandwidth. The remaining information can then be compressed via a variety of methods.
MPEG-4 Part 14MPEG-4 Part 14, ou MP4, également appelé , est une partie de la norme MPEG-4 spécifiant un format conteneur pour encapsuler des données de type multimédia (audio ou vidéo essentiellement). L'extension de nom de fichier généralement associée à ce format est « .mp4 » (d'où le nom « MP4 »). L'extension « .m4a », bien que non spécifiée dans la norme, est également utilisée, généralement pour des fichiers ne contenant que du contenu de type audio. Les formats audio correspondant étant le AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) ou le ALAC (Apple Lossless).
Quantization (image processing)Quantization, involved in , is a lossy compression technique achieved by compressing a range of values to a single quantum (discrete) value. When the number of discrete symbols in a given stream is reduced, the stream becomes more compressible. For example, reducing the number of colors required to represent a digital makes it possible to reduce its file size. Specific applications include DCT data quantization in JPEG and DWT data quantization in JPEG 2000.
WebPvignette|Comparatif de compression sans perte, jpeg et WebP WebP est un format d' développé et mis à disposition du public par Google. Il exploite un algorithme de compression avec pertes prédictif utilisé pour les du VP8 (qui est le codec vidéo du format WebM) et un conteneur léger et extensible . Google le présente comme mieux adapté que les compresseurs précédents aux processeurs actuels et surtout aux densités de pixels des écrans actuels (110 à 240 ppi).
Lempel-Ziv-WelchLZW (pour Lempel-Ziv-Welch) est un algorithme de compression de données sans perte. Il s'agit d'une amélioration de l'algorithme LZ78 inventé par Abraham Lempel et Jacob Ziv en 1978. LZW fut créé en 1984 par Terry Welch, d'où son nom. L'algorithme LZW avait été breveté par la société Unisys (un brevet logiciel valable uniquement aux États-Unis). Il a été utilisé dans les modems (norme V42 bis) et est encore utilisé dans les formats d' GIF ou et les fichiers audio MOD.
Transparency (data compression)In data compression and psychoacoustics, transparency is the result of lossy data compression accurate enough that the compressed result is perceptually indistinguishable from the uncompressed input, i.e. perceptually lossless. A transparency threshold is a given value at which transparency is reached. It is commonly used to describe compressed data bitrates. For example, the transparency threshold for MP3 to linear PCM audio is said to be between 175 and 245 kbit/s, at 44.
