Paradigme

Résumé

thumb|250px|Universum, C. Flammarion, gravure sur bois, Paris 1888. Un paradigme est — en épistémologie et dans les sciences humaines et sociales – une représentation du monde, une manière de voir les choses, un modèle cohérent du monde qui repose sur un fondement défini (matrice disciplinaire, modèle théorique, courant de pensée). . Le sens français désigne un exemple linguistique. Les paradigmes sont, selon le philosophe des sciences Thomas Samuel Kuhn des . Un paradigme peut être infléchi ou totalement remis en cause s'il remplit un certain nombre de conditions expérimentales ou d'insertion dans un nouveau paradigme. Les révolutions scientifiques entraînent des changements de paradigme qui exigent du temps pour pénétrer la communauté scientifique, car le nouveau modèle proposé doit vaincre les obstacles épistémologiques et être assez robuste pour remettre en cause le précédent. La « vérité scientifique » à un instant donné ne peut représenter qu'un consensus temporaire au sein de

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This course gives an introduction to the fundamental concepts and methods of the Digital Humanities, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. The course introduces the Digital Humanities circle of processing and interpretation, from data acquisition to new understandings.

This course will introduce students to the concept of montage as a new paradigm for the perception, experience, and representation of urban and architectural space in modernity. Pursuing an interdisciplinary approach, the class will discuss major figures and episodes of 20th century architecture.

La structure du cours suivra une orientation chronologique. Le cours s'articulera en leçons qui reconstruiront historiquement les diverses œuvres et théories développées au cours des XXe et XXIe siècles.

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Financing Biomedical Ventures - Myths and Realities

Jeffrey Scott Behrens

Angel funding is an important source of capital for startup ventures (J. Sohl 2019), providing a similar level of capital as institutional venture capital (OECD 2011). But angel funding is challenging to study due to the informal nature of the activity. A common paradigm for new venture funding argues that new ventures initially fund their activities with angel investment and then, as they show success, make progress to commercialization and de-risk core venture propositions, ventures transition to more professional institutional (venture capital) funding. A belief in this paradigm can strongly influence early venture creation activities, and assumptions about the later availability of capital from institutional venture capital underpin many startup business plans. However, the literature exploring this phenomenon is very sparse, and the question of the relationship of angel to venture funding transition has rarely been studied. By analyzing a large and robust dataset, this thesis advances the understanding of the actual behavior of investors and the impact this early behavior, and the funding choices involved, have on company outcomes. This thesis also explores a novel form of venture investing and places it into a broader context of new venture funding that may help explain some of the key observations discussed. These fundamentally empirical studies examine the nature/reality of important entrepreneurial phenomena of interactions between angel and venture funding in novel ways, pose questions, and identify a set results that point to a potential market failure. Attempts are made to understand these results and place them into the contexts of both research theory and a broader understanding of entrepreneurial behavior; there certainly remain a set of unanswered questions and potential fruitful directions for future research.

EPFL2020

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Grid cells are place-modulated neurons that encode the location of an agent in space, relying on the integration of various sensorimotor signals from the body. Of note, the integration of those signals is also fundamental for the agent's conscious experience of selfhood, referred to as bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although both grid cells and BSC systems are related to the brain mechanisms of self-location and are based on multimodal signal integration, their interplay has never been investigated. My thesis aimed at revealing their links in humans by assessing the impact of BSC modulations on grid cell-like representation (GCLR): an fMRI proxy of grid cell activity in entorhinal cortex (EC). In Study 1, I assessed whether manipulation on BSC, specifically enhancing self-identification, affects GCLR during spatial navigation in a virtual reality (VR) environment. I implemented a novel fMRI paradigm integrating a spatial navigation task with online BSC manipulation through a motion-mimicking avatar. The data showed a significant reduction of GCLR as well as improved spatial navigation performance in the condition with the self-identified avatar, linking entorhinal grid cell activity and BSC through bodily self-motion cues provided online during spatial navigation. These behavioral and neural changes were further associated with increased activity in posterior parietal and retrosplenial cortex, collectively suggesting the impact of BSC on a distributed spatial navigation networks in the human brain. Consistent with the previous BSC research, in Study1, I observed illusory drifts in experienced self-location toward the self-identified avatar. In Study2, I further investigated whether illusory self-location changes would be sufficient to elicit GCLR in the absence of active spatial navigation. Adopting the Full-body illusion (FBI) paradigm to the MRI scanner, my data extend changes in self-location related to multisensory stimulation and demonstrated that these indeed evoke GCLR. Although the amplitude of GCLR during the FBI was smaller than the one during virtual navigation, their grid orientations were similar. These data suggest that the brain mechanisms underlying the BSC-induced illusory self-location are similar and comparable, albeit weaker, to the ones during virtual navigation.Temporal Interference (TI) stimulation is a novel method that can excite or inhibit neurons in the deep brain by combining high-frequency electrical fields. Building on the previous studies, in study3, I probed the causal link between GCLR and spatial navigation by applying TI stimulation to EC of participants while they were performing a VR navigation task in the scanner. The preliminary results showed that their spatial navigation was improved by excitatory stimuli compared to the control, while it deteriorated during the inhibition. Besides, I found that modulated GCLR was also associated with improved performance in the excitatory condition. Together, these data provide the first causal link between GCLR and spatial navigation, showing potential future avenues for navigation enhancement in humans. To summarize, I investigated BSC and grid cell systems jointly in humans and, for the first time, uncovered their links through robust evidence based on both behavioral and neuroimaging data. My thesis shed new light on the research of both systems which are closely intermingled but have hitherto been considered separately.

EPFL2021

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CoPainter: Interactive AI drawing experience

Pawel Golinski

Google AI Experiments [3] is a set of simple experiments that showcase innova- tive uses of AI in UX. As part of this collection, Google shared Quick Draw, where user draws simple sketches and intelligent agent tries to guess what it depicts, and Sketch- RNN interactive demo, an experience where user starts a sketch and recurrent neural network model completes it [4]. These experiences provide fun and engaging drawing activities which have potential to be used in more educational context. This report describes CoPainter - an interactive AI drawing experience which aims to provide an educational activity based on learning by teaching paradigm - the application asks the user to draw a painting of some object in cooperation with an intel- ligent agent (which can either be a robot or an abstract entity). The activity is based on Sketch-RNN model mentioned above. Main contributions of this project are porting the Sketch-RNN web app experience to Qt, which enables integration with CoWriter code- base and makes it possible to collect more data on user activities. An additional draw in turns game mode is also introduced. The activity may possibly be extended to enable it to be used in diagnosing and treating dysgraphia, which is briefly mentioned in this re- port and is aim of further research on this project.

2019

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EPFL2021