Caraïbes

Résumé

Les Caraïbes (également nommées la Caraïbe, l'espace Caraïbe, ou encore l'espace des Caraïbes) sont une région des Amériques qui comprend la mer des Caraïbes, ses îles (certaines entourées par la mer des Caraïbes et d'autres bordant à la fois cette dernière et l'océan Atlantique Nord) et les côtes environnantes. Située en grande partie sur la plaque des Caraïbes, la région compte plus de 700 îles, îlots, récifs et cayes. La géographie est essentiellement tropicale et le climat est fortement influencé par la température de la mer et les précipitations, la saison des ouragans entraînant régulièrement des catastrophes naturelles. En raison de leur climat tropical et de leur géographie insulaire de basse altitude, les Caraïbes sont vulnérables à un certain nombre d'effets du changement climatique, notamment l'augmentation de l'intensité des tempêtes, l'élévation du niveau de la mer, des saisons sèches plus longues. Les Caraïbes ont été occupées par des peuples indigènes depuis au moin

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara%C3%AFbes

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Vertically-resolved attenuated backscatter from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission and Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT)from Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to characterize the Saharan dust outflow over the Atlantic and to evaluate results from a global chemical and transport model (GEOS-Chem). We first document two events of dust plume transport from the Sahara to the American coast representative of summer and winter conditions. The GEOSChem model reproduces fairly well the aerosol patterns over the Atlantic although observed AOT are overestimated close to the source regions and underestimated in the remote regions, suggesting a too weak transport toward the western Atlantic and/or a too strong deposition over the Caribbean sea. Observed and model-derived attenuated backscatter profiles agree qualitatively well, suggesting that the altitudes of the aerosol layers over the Atlantic is well reproduced. We find that dust plumes extend up to 6 km in summer and up to 4 km in winter over the Atlantic close to the source regions and that they gradually descent throughout their travel over the Atlantic. We then use our simulation to characterize the deposition flux of dust in this region. Half of the dust deposited on the surface of the open ocean in 2006 in this area occurs during summer, 20% during each of winter and spring, and 10% in the fall. During the July 2006 one-week dust episode that we investigated, 5 Tg of dust were deposited (4% of the annual total in the region).

2008

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El urbanismo del miedo, Violencia, in-seguridad y segregación social en América Central y el Caribe

Yves Pedrazzini

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The composition and prevalence of microorganisms in the middle-to-upper troposphere (8-15 km altitude) and their role in aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions represent important, unresolved questions for biological and atmospheric science. In particular, airborne microorganisms above the oceans remain essentially uncharacterized, as most work to date is restricted to samples taken near the Earth's surface. Here we report on the microbiome of low- and high-altitude air masses sampled onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration DC-8 platform during the 2010 Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes campaign in the Caribbean Sea. The samples were collected in cloudy and cloud-free air masses before, during, and after two major tropical hurricanes, Earl and Karl. Quantitative PCR and microscopy revealed that viable bacterial cells represented on average around 20% of the total particles in the 0.25- to 1-μm diameter range and were at least an order of magnitude more abundant than fungal cells, suggesting that bacteria represent an important and underestimated fraction of micrometer-sized atmospheric aerosols. The samples from the two hurricanes were characterized by significantly different bacterial communities, revealing that hurricanes aerosolize a large amount of new cells. Nonetheless, 17 bacterial taxa, including taxa that are known to use C1-C4 carbon compounds present in the atmosphere, were found in all samples, indicating that these organisms possess traits that allow survival in the troposphere. The findings presented here suggest that the microbiome is a dynamic and underappreciated aspect of the upper troposphere with potentially important impacts on the hydrological cycle, clouds, and climate.

2013

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