Autonomie | EPFL Graph Search

L'autonomie désigne la capacité d'un objet, individu ou système à se gouverner soi-même, selon ses propres règles. Dans d'autres cas, elle fait référence aux propriétés d'une entité qui est capable de fonctionner de manière indépendante, sans être contrôlée de l'extérieur ou sans des apports (matériels, énergétiques, etc) en provenance de l'extérieur L'autonomie est la capacité d'une personne à subvenir à ses propres besoins ; on distingue parfois l'autonomie personnelle de l'autonomie sociale. Comparés aux autres animaux, les êtres humains ont besoin de beaucoup d'attention et de soins, et d'un grand nombre d'années avant de devenir autonomes. Par exemple, un cheval sait se tenir debout, se nourrir et marcher seulement quelques minutes après sa naissance, tandis qu’un être humain a besoin d’environ un an pour atteindre ce point. Étymologie

Du grec autos : soi-même et nomos : loi, règle.
Droit que les Romains avaient laissé à certaines villes grecques, de se gouverne

Les transformations de la maison des Bédouins du Néguev

Edgard Dezuari

This thesis deals with transformations in the culture of the house (shapes, ways of life, representations of the houses by their inhabitants and their participation in their design). It focuses on houses built between 1972 and 2003 at Tel Shéva, the first in a series of seven planned resettlement towns developed for the Bedouin of the Negev desert (Israel). Today, half of them are living in planed towns while the other half remains on tribal sites, in more than one hundred unrecognised villages. The Bedouins (130 000 inhabitants) of the Negev began to settle in the first part of the 20th century. Throughout its second part they underwent profound transformations, including urbanisation. In the 1960-s, the State initiated a policy of Bedouin new towns in order to curb the development of the Bedouin shanty-villages, which were growing on the outskirts of Beer Shéva, the capital of the Israel's Southern district. In those Bedouin new towns, the inhabitants are free to build a family home on a 1000 m2 plot, as long as they respect neighbourhood regulations. They receive the land as freehold and the infrastructure is state subsidised. The architectural autonomy granted to the inhabitants of Tel Shéva is designed to allow them to build according to their specific needs. The social aspects of Bedouin rehousing in planned towns have been studied extensively, but, to our knowledge, no research has yet used the changes in house conception to illustrate the cultural transformations undergone by the Bedouin. Our typology of houses representing the stages of this evolution, relies on a framework for the study of adaptation to involuntary rehousing (refugees etc) drawn up by Scudder and Colson [1982]. They identify four steps in a rehousing operation: recruitment, transition, development and incorporation. For each step, we have tried to identify one type of dwelling. Informal housing in the first stage, reproductions of the previous environment –in the second; in the third, a hybrid model of modern housing including traditional elements, and original architecture corresponding to new values - in the final stage. This thesis creates a house typology of houses from the points of view of morphology, way of life, representations and inhabitant participation in design. We have defined four types: the "tent", the "standard house", the "catalogue house" and the "individualised house". The tent, and the shelters which followed it, were not planned housing. The behaviour of the inhabitant and the representations of the houses corresponded to traditional logic. In the "standard house" stage, the first rehoused inhabitants accepted any kind of dwelling so long as it was simple and cheap. Thus, they unquestioningly applied a standard model. During the "catalogue house" stage, the designers, attracted by the market of individual housing in Bedouin towns, introduced architectural variety, to match growing social differentiation. During the "individualised house" stage, in the early nineties, customers started demanding a role in the design of their houses: a practice initiated amongst the families and friends of several designers. At this point the individual house reflects the emergence of an individualised consciousness of one's identity revealing profound changes in culture and society.

EPFL2003

Interactive Mobile Robotic Drinking Glasses

Michele Leidi, Francesco Mondada, François Rey

The central idea behind this attempt is to merge common objects and robotics to obtain a new type of interactive artefact, we call robjects. Robjects provide services to everyday life and can be controlled by the user in a very intuitive way. Robjects take rarely the initiative, have few decisional autonomy. Most of their activity is centered and controlled by the interaction with the user. To test this concept in a concrete experimentwe decided to include mobile robotic technology into drinking glasses to improve their service on a table. Making them mobile and interactive brings a new dimension to the table, simplifies service and improves security. The system works in the following manner : when a user starts filling a glass, the other empty glasses come closer to get filled too and then go back to their initial position. Owners of the glasses can refuse to fill their glasses by simply bringing back the glass on its initial position as soon as the glass starts to move. The system has been prototyped and tested. The analysis of the interaction of some users shows strengths in interactivity and weaknesses in the speed of the system and in reliability of the actual prototype.

Springer2009

Requirements for building an ontology for autonomous robots

Howard Li, Kamilo Andres Melo Becerra

Purpose - IEEE Ontologies for Robotics and Automation Working Group were divided into subgroups that were in charge of studying industrial robotics, service robotics and autonomous robotics. This paper aims to present the work in-progress developed by the autonomous robotics (AuR) subgroup. This group aims to extend the core ontology for robotics and automation to represent more specific concepts and axioms that are commonly used in autonomous robots. Design/methodology/approach - For autonomous robots, various concepts for aerial robots, underwater robots and ground robots are described. Components of an autonomous system are defined, such as robotic platforms, actuators, sensors, control, state estimation, path planning, perception and decision-making. Findings - AuR has identified the core concepts and domains needed to create an ontology for autonomous robots. Practical implications - AuR targets to create a standard ontology to represent the knowledge and reasoning needed to create autonomous systems that comprise robots that can operate in the air, ground and underwater environments. The concepts in the developed ontology will endow a robot with autonomy, that is, endow robots with the ability to perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous explicit human guidance. Originality/value - Creating a standard for knowledge representation and reasoning in autonomous robotics will have a significant impact on all R&A domains, such as on the knowledge transmission among agents, including autonomous robots and humans. This tends to facilitate the communication among them and also provide reasoning capabilities involving the knowledge of all elements using the ontology. This will result in improved autonomy of autonomous systems. The autonomy will have considerable impact on how robots interact with humans. As a result, the use of robots will further benefit our society. Many tedious tasks that currently can only be performed by humans will be performed by robots, which will further improve the quality of life. To the best of the authors'knowledge, AuR is the first group that adopts a systematic approach to develop ontologies consisting of specific concepts and axioms that are commonly used in autonomous robots.

Emerald Group Publishing Ltd2016