Spread of IslamThe spread of Islam spans about 1,400 years. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and building imperial structures over time. Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad.
Ghilzaialt=Photographie d'un groupe de chefs afghans (Ghilzais) prise à Kaboul en Afghanistan par John Burke en 1879-80.|vignette|Photographie d'un groupe de chefs afghans (Ghilzais) prise à Kaboul en Afghanistan par John Burke en 1879-80. Les Ghilzais (aussi connu sous le nom de Khiljis, Khaldjis ou Ghiljis) sont un des deux plus grands groupes de Pachtounes, avec la tribu Durrani, que l'on trouve en Afghanistan et dans une moindre mesure au Pakistan voisin.
Huna peopleHunas or Huna (Middle Brahmi script: Hūṇā) was the name given by the ancient Indians to a group of Central Asian tribes who, via the Khyber Pass, entered the Indian subcontinent at the end of the 5th or early 6th century. The Hunas occupied areas as far south as Eran and Kausambi, greatly weakening the Gupta Empire. The Hunas were ultimately defeated by a coalition of Indian princes that included an Indian king Yasodharman and the Gupta emperor, Narasimhagupta. They defeated a Huna army and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 CE and drove them out of India.
Qutb Minar complexThe Qutb Minar complex are monuments and buildings from the Delhi Sultanate at Mehrauli in Delhi, India. Construction of the Qutub Minar "victory tower" in the complex, named after the religious figure Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, was begun by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who later became the first Sultan of Delhi of the Mamluk dynasty (Gulam Vansh). It was continued by his successor Iltutmish (a.k.a. Altamash), and finally completed much later by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Sultan of Delhi from the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1412) in 1368 AD.
Afghan (ethnonym)The ethnonym Afghan (Dari/Pashto: افغان) has been used historically to refer to the Pashtuns. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the term "Afghan" evolved into a demonym for all residents of Afghanistan, including those outside of the Pashtun ethnicity. The earliest mention of the name Afghan (Abgân) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE. In the 4th century, the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as a reference to a particular people is mentioned in the Bactrian documents found in Northern Afghanistan.
Shams ud-Dîn Îltutmishthumb|Le sultanat de Delhi sous le règne d'Îltutmish thumb|Le mausolée d’Iltutmish à Delhi Shams Îltutmish (°? = 1211-1236) est un sultan de Delhi, le troisième de la dynastie des esclaves et l'un des plus importants. Il succède à Âram Shâh qui règne moins d'une année. Membre de la tribu des Ilbarî originaire du Turkestan, la tradition le gratifie d'une intelligence et d'une beauté qui font la jalousie de ses frères qui le vendent comme esclave durant son enfance.
JunagadhJunâgadh (gujarâtî : જુનાગઢ - hindî : जुनागढ) est une ville de l'État du Gujarat en Inde, chef-lieu du District de Junagadh. Junagadh est située dans la presqu'île du Kathiawar. Citadelle d'Uparkot : construit au pied de la colline Girnar, cet impressionnant fort aurait été originellement construit en 319 av. J.-C.. Détruit et reconstruit à plusieurs reprises au fil des siècles, il a été abandonné entre les VII et VIII siècles avant d'être redécouvert en 976. En raison de sa position stratégique, le fort aurait été assiégé seize fois en 800 ans.
PashtunizationPashtunization (پښتون جوړونه), also called Pathanization, is a process of cultural or linguistic change in which someone or something non-Pashtun becomes acculturated to Pashtun influence. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and second-largest in Pakistan. List of Pashtun empires and dynasties People become Pashtunized when they settle in Pashtun-dominated areas and adopt Pashtun culture and language. Pashtunization is a specific form of cultural assimilation and has been taking place in Pashtun-populated regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan for several centuries.
KâkâtiyaLa dynastie des Kâkâtiya (కాకతీయ సామ్రాజ్యము), de culture télougou, a régné de 1083 à 1323 sur un royaume recouvrant approximativement l’actuel Andhra Pradesh, et dont la capitale était Orougallou, également appelée Eka Sila Nagaram. Cet état de confession hindoue shivaïte fut l'un des grands états télougous à se maintenir à travers les siècles, jusqu'à sa conquête par le Sultanat de Delhi. Goundaya (fl. 950) est le premier des Kâkâtiya connu historiquement : il se sacrifia pour le prince Rashtrakuta Krishna II lors de la guerre contre les Tchaloukya orientaux.
Sultanat de DelhiLe sultanat de Delhi est le royaume musulman qui s'étend sur le nord de l'Inde de 1206 à 1526 à partir de sa capitale, Delhi. Plusieurs dynasties turco-afghanes règnent successivement sur le sultanat, la dynastie des esclaves ou dynastie des Muizzî (1206-1290), la dynastie des Khaljî (1290-1320), la dynastie des Tughlûq (1320-1413), la dynastie des Sayyîd (1414-1451), et les Lodhî (1451-1526). Pendant le dernier tiers du , Muhammad Ghûrî envahit la plaine indo-gangétique, faisant la conquête de Ghaznî, de Multân, du Sind, de Lâhore et de Delhi.
