Théorie des supercordes

Résumé

thumb|Vue d'artiste de la théorie des supercordes. La théorie des supercordes est une tentative pour expliquer l'existence de toutes les particules et forces fondamentales de la nature, en les modélisant comme les vibrations de minuscules cordes supersymétriques. Au début du , elle est considérée comme la plus féconde des théories pour une gravité quantique, même si elle souffre des mêmes défauts que la théorie des cordes en raison de l'impossibilité de la vérifier par l'expérimentation. Actuellement, le problème le plus fondamental en physique théorique est la grande unification, ou, autrement dit, l'harmonisation de la théorie de la relativité générale, qui décrit la gravité, et s'applique bien aux grandes structures (étoiles, planètes, galaxies), et de la mécanique quantique qui décrit les trois autres forces fondamentales connues : électromagnétique (EM), l'interaction faible (W) et forte (S). La théorie des cordes ne pourra peut-être jamais être prouvée. La physique des parti

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En physique fondamentale, la théorie des cordes est un cadre théorique dans lequel les particules ponctuelles de la physique des particules sont représentées par des objets unidimensionnels appelés c

La théorie M est une théorie physique devant unifier les différentes versions de la théorie des supercordes. L'existence de cette théorie fut conjecturée par Edward Witten en 1995, lors d'un colloqu

La supersymétrie (abrégée en SuSy) est une symétrie supposée de la physique des particules qui postule une relation profonde entre les particules de spin demi-entier (les fermions) qui constituent l

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Tackling the Supersymmetric Flavour Problem in String Models

Christopher John Andrey

In this work we address one of the phenomenological issues of beyond the Standard Model scenarios which embed Supersymmetry, namely the Supersymmetric Flavour Problem, in the context of String Theory. Indeed, the addition of new interactions to the Standard Model generically spoils its flavour structure which is one of its major achievements since it for example leads to a very elegant understanding of the absence of flavour changing neutral currents in the leptonic sector and of the stability of the proton, thanks to accidental symmetries. We focus on a subset of the phenomenologically dangerous operators, namely the soft scalar masses. One way out of the Supersymmetric Flavour Problem is to geographically separate the observable and hidden sectors along a fifth dimension, gravity being the only interaction propagating in the bulk. In such scenarios, the soft scalar masses are vanishing at the classical level since there is no direct contact term between the observable and hidden multiplets and tend to be universal at the loop-level. However such setups hardly ever come about in String Theory, which is one of the most promising candidates of quantum gravity. In order to make contact with the five-dimensional picture, we focus on the prototypical case of the E8 × E8 Heterotic M-Theory which, in a certain regime, effectively looks five-dimensional and embeds matter fields on two end-of-the-world branes. In these scenarios, not only gravity but also vector multiplets propagate in the five-dimensional bulk, effectively spoiling the sequestered picture. However, since the contact terms responsible for the appearance of soft scalar masses arise due to the exchange of heavy vectors, they do enjoy a current-current structure which can be exploited to inhibit the emergence of soft scalar masses by postulating a global symmetry in the hidden sector. In order to assess the possibility of realising such a mechanism, we first study the full dependence of the Kähler potential on both the moduli and the matter fields in the case of orbifold and Calabi-Yau compactifications. We then determine whether an effective sequestering may be achieved thanks to a global symmetry and argue that whereas for orbifold models our strategy can naturally be put at work, it can only be implemented in a subset of Calabi-Yau models.

EPFL2011

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Metastable spontaneous breaking of N=2 supersymmetry

Benoît Légeret, Claudio Scrucca, Paul Smyth

We show that contrary to the common lore it is possible to spontaneously break N = 2 supersymmetry even in simple theories without constant Fayet-Iliopoulos terms. We consider the most general N = 2 supersymmetric theory with one hypermultiplet and one vector multiplet without Fayet-Iliopoulos terms, and show that metastable supersymmetry breaking vacua can arise if both the hyper-Kahler and the special-Kahler geometries are suitably curved. We then also prove that while all the scalars can be massive, the lightest one is always lighter than the vector boson. Finally, we argue that these results also directly imply that metastable de Sitter vacua can exist in N = 2 supergravity theories with Abelian gaugings and no Fayet-Iliopoulos terms, again contrary to common lore, at least if the cosmological constant is sufficiently large. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Bv2013

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We reconsider the general question of how to characterize most efficiently the low-energy effective theory obtained by integrating out heavy modes in globally and locally supersymmetric theories. We consider theories with chiral and vector multiplets and identify the conditions under which all approximately supersymmetric low-energy effective theory can exist. These conditions translate into the requirements that all the derivatives, fermions and auxiliary fields should be small in units of the heavy mass scale. They apply not only to the matter sector, but also to the gravitational one if present, and imply in that case that the gravitino mass should he small. We then show how to determine the unique exactly supersymmetric theory that approximates this effective theory at the lowest order in the counting of derivatives, fermions and auxiliary fields, by working both at the superfield level and with component fields. As a result we give a simple prescription tor integrating out heavy superfields in an algebraic and manifestly supersymmetric way, which turns out to hold in the same form both for globally and locally supersymmetric theories. meaning that the process of integrating out heavy modes commutes with the process of switching on gravity. More precisely, for heavy chiral and vector multiplets one has to impose respectively stationarity of the superpotential and the Kahler potential. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

2009

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Tackling the Supersymmetric Flavour Problem in String Models

Christopher John Andrey

EPFL2011