Traitement du combustible nucléaire usé

Résumé

Le traitement du combustible nucléaire usé (anciennement retraitement des combustibles usés) regroupe plusieurs procédés mécaniques et chimiques de traitement du combustible nucléaire après utilisation en réacteur, visant à séparer des éléments potentiellement réutilisables tels que l'uranium et le plutonium, mais également les « actinides mineurs », des produits de fission contenus dans le combustible nucléaire irradié. Le traitement du combustible usé est l'une des étapes du cycle du combustible nucléaire. Historiquement, les premières techniques de traitement ont été développées pour obtenir le plutonium nécessaire pour la fabrication des armes nucléaires. Depuis la fin du , le traitement du combustible usé est utilisé par l'industrie nucléaire civile de certains pays afin de limiter les déchets en réutilisant une partie du combustible usé par séparation de l'uranium de retraitement (URT), qui peut être ré-enrichi afin de fabriquer du combustible neuf, et du plutonium qui peut être

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitement_du_combustible_nucl%C3%A9aire_us%C3%A9

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Trace concentration - Huge impact: Nitrate in the calcite/Eu(III) system

Moritz Schmidt, Kislon Voitchovsky

The interactions of trivalent lanthanides and actinides with secondary mineral phases such as calcite is of high importance for the safety assessment of deep geological repositories for high level nuclear waste (HLW). Due to similar ionic radii, calcium-bearing mineral phases are suitable host minerals for Ln(III) and An(III) ions. Especially calcite has been proven to retain these metal ions effectively by both surface complexation and bulk incorporation. Since anionic ligands (e.g., nitrate) are omnipresent in the geological environment and due to their coordinating properties, their influence on retentive processes should not be underestimated. Nitrate is a common contaminant in most HLW forms as a result of using nitric acid in fuel reprocessing. It is also formed by microbial activity under aerobic conditions. In this study, atomic force microscopy investigations revealed a major influence of nitrate upon the surface of calcite crystals. NaNO3 causes serious modifications even in trace amounts (

Elsevier2014

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Plutonium management in the medium term

Rakesh Chawla

For many years various countries with access to commercial reprocessing services have been routinely recycling plutonium as UO2/PuO 2 mixed oxide (MOX) fuel in light water reactors (LWRs). This LWR MOX recycle strategy is still widely regarded as an interim step leading to the eventual establishment of sustainable fast reactor fuel cycles. The OECD/NEA Working Party on the Physics of Plutonium Fuels and Innovative Fuel Cycles (WPPR) has recently completed a review of the technical options for plutonium management in what it refers to as the "medium terra." For the purpose of the review, the WPPR considers the medium term to cover the period from now up to the point at which fast reactor fuel cycles are established on a commercial scale. The review identified a number of different designs of innovative plutonium fuel assemblies intended to be used in current LWR cores, in LWRs with significantly different moderation properties, as well as in high-temperature gas reactors. The full review report describes these various options and highlights their respective advantages and disadvantages. This paper briefly summarizes the main findings of the review.

American Nuclear Society2004

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, ,

Nuclear energy is among the most viable alternatives to our current fossil fuel-based energy economy. The mass deployment of nuclear energy as a low-emissions source requires the reprocessing of used nuclear fuel to recover fissile materials and mitigate radioactive waste. A major concern with reprocessing used nuclear fuel is the release of volatile radionuclides such as xenon and krypton that evolve into reprocessing facility off-gas in parts per million concentrations. The existing technology to remove these radioactive noble gases is a costly cryogenic distillation; alternatively, porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks have demonstrated the ability to selectively adsorb xenon and krypton at ambient conditions. Here we carry out a high-throughput computational screening of large databases of metal-organic frameworks and identify SBMOF-1 as the most selective for xenon. We affirm this prediction and report that SBMOF-1 exhibits by far the highest reported xenon adsorption capacity and a remarkable Xe/Kr selectivity under conditions pertinent to nuclear fuel reprocessing.

Nature Publishing Group2016

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