City mapA city map is a large-scale thematic map of a city (or part of a city) created to enable the fastest possible orientation in an urban space. The graphic representation of objects on a city map is therefore usually greatly simplified, and reduced to generally understood symbology. Depending upon its target group or market, a city map will include not only the city's transport network, but also other important information, such as city sights or public institutions. The scale of a city map is usually between 1:10,000 and 1:25,000.
Géographie (Ptolémée)La Géographie ou Manuel de géographie (en grec ancien Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις, latinisé en Geographike Hyphegesis, en latin Geographia ou anciennement Cosmographia) est un traité rédigé par Ptolémée vers l'an 150. Cette Introduction géographique à la cartographie est une compilation des connaissances sur la géographie du monde à l’époque de l’Empire romain, et dont la redécouverte en Europe au permit de relancer l'étude de la géographie mathématique et de la cartographie et de la chorographie.
SchematicA schematic, or schematic diagram, is a designed representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually omits all details that are not relevant to the key information the schematic is intended to convey, and may include oversimplified elements in order to make this essential meaning easier to grasp, as well as additional organization of the information. For example, a subway map intended for passengers may represent a subway station with a dot.
Information géographiqueL'information géographique est la représentation d'un objet ou d'un phénomène réel ou imaginaire, présent, passé ou futur, localisé dans l'espace à un moment donné et quelles qu'en soient la dimension et l'échelle de représentation. thumb|300px|Autre exemple, illustrant la présentation de données à une échelle plus locale que ci-dessus. On distingue habituellement deux types d'information géographique : des informations de base ou de référence (ex.
Carte aéronautiqueUne carte aéronautique est une carte créée pour assister la navigation des aéronefs, à l'instar des cartes nautiques créées pour les bateaux, ou les cartes routières. Ces cartes permettent aux pilotes de déterminer leur position, les obstacles dangereux (montagnes, gratte-ciel), les intersections ou radiobalises (VOR, NDB, TACAN...) et leur fréquence, les procédures de départ et d'arrivée (SID et STAR), les routes aériennes (ENROUTE). vignette|Carte de croisière de l'espace de Baltimore Chaque pays dispose de son propre service de cartographie aérienne.
Cartographic designCartographic design or map design is the process of crafting the appearance of a map, applying the principles of design and knowledge of how maps are used to create a map that has both aesthetic appeal and practical function. It shares this dual goal with almost all forms of design; it also shares with other design, especially graphic design, the three skill sets of artistic talent, scientific reasoning, and technology. As a discipline, it integrates design, geography, and geographic information science.
Geographical featureA feature (also called an object or entity), in the context of geography and geographic information science, is a discrete phenomenon that exists at a location in the space and scale of relevance to geography; that is, at or near the surface of Earth, at a moderate to global scale. It is one of the primary types of phenomena represented in geographic information, such as that represented in maps, geographic information systems, remote sensing imagery, statistics, and other forms of geographic discourse.
Portulanvignette|Carte-portulan anonyme originaire du Maghreb, fabriqué en papier au début du ; il s'agit de l'un des plus vieux portulans découverts. Un portulan, ou carte-portulan, (de l'italien portolano, livre d’instructions nautiques), aussi appelé « carte à rhumbs », est une sorte de carte de navigation, utilisée du au , servant essentiellement à repérer les ports et connaître les dangers qui peuvent les entourer : courants, hauts-fonds...
Digital mappingDigital mapping (also called digital or computer cartography) is the process by which a collection of spatial data is compiled and formatted into a virtual image on a computer. The primary function of this technology is to produce maps that give accurate representations of a particular area, detailing major road arteries and other points of interest. The technology also allows the calculation of distances from one place to another.
Visual hierarchyVisual hierarchy, according to Gestalt psychology, is a pattern in the visual field wherein some elements tend to "stand out," or attract attention, more strongly than other elements, suggesting a hierarchy of importance. While it may occur naturally in any visual field, the term is most commonly used in design (especially graphic design and cartography), where elements are intentionally designed to make some look more important than others. This order is created by the visual contrast between forms in a field of perception.
